Clinically applied multichannel stimulation was visualized in the very beginnings of FES. A short survey of existing multichannel systems was taken and compared to initial expectations. While much still remains to be done to get multichannel stimulation out of the research environment and into the clinical routine, the results obtained so far are encouraging enough to continue work in this area...

In this paper, we describe a method for presenting underwater tactile electrical stimulation for in-bath entertainment. We investigated the localization abilities of participants and the polarity effect of the stimulation, and found that underwater electro-tactile anodic stimulation produced a stronger sensation than did cathodic stimulation. Furthermore, we found that the participants were abl...

Background: The gait pattern after stroke can be disturbed by foot drop. The conventional approach to the treatment of drop foot gait is a splint, the ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). An active approach is functional electrical stimulation (FES). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) refers to electrical stimulation of muscles in order to improve the impaired motor function. This is achieved by act...

Hyolaryngeal elevation is essential for airway protection during swallowing and is mainly a reflexive response to oropharyngeal sensory stimulation. Targeted intramuscular electrical stimulation can elevate the resting larynx and, if applied during swallowing, may improve airway protection in dysphagic patients with inadequate hyolaryngeal motion. To be beneficial, patients must synchronize fun...

This paper considers an experiments on co-contraction of antagonist muscles of human limb using RISE (robust integral of the sign of the error) control. It is known that some experimental results show that the antagonist muscle and agonist muscle work at the same time, then it is called co-contraction. However, the control method of the antagonist muscle in order to give the electrical impulses...

In rats with dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), repeated low-frequency electrical stimulation of acupuncture needles restores whole-body insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. We hypothesized that electrical stimulation causing muscle contractions and manual stimulation causing needle sensation have different effects on insulin sensit...

Previous studies have shown that proliferation of endogenous neural precursor cells cannot alone compensate for the damage to neurons and axons. From the perspective of neural plasticity, we observed the effects of functional electrical stimulation treatment on endogenous neural precursor cell proliferation and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor in the rat ...

Background: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is the most commonly used system for restoring functions after spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective: In this study we investigated feedback PID and feedforward-feedback P-PID controllers for regulating the elbow joint angle. Methods: The controllers were tuned based on a nonlinear muculoskeletal model containing two links, one joint with one de...

The shape recognition of an object is important for dexterous manipulation by humans. Therefore, we have developed a haptic display that integrates both electrotactile and kinesthetic sensations to present shape information. However, the electrotactile display only presents the contact field between the object and the fingertip. Therefore, we propose a method of electrotactile stimulation using...