9 The theory of chi processes with the mismatch operator is studied. Four congruence relations are investigated. These are late open congruence, early open congruence, ground congruence and 11 barbed congruence. The late and early open congruence relations are the chi calculus counterparts of the weak late and early congruence relations of pi calculus. Both turn out to be special cases 13 of th...

We prove a q-analog of a classical binomial congruence due to Ljunggren which states that ap bp ! ≡ a b ! modulo p for primes p > 5. This congruence subsumes and builds on earlier congruences by Babbage, Wolstenholme and Glaisher for which we recall existing q-analogs. Our congruence generalizes an earlier result of Clark. Résumé. Nous démontrons un q-analogue d’une congruence binomiale classiq...

The definition of open bisimilarity on the χ-processes does not give rise to a sensible relation on the χ-processes with the mismatch operator. The paper proposes ground open congruence as a principal open congruence on the χ-processes with the mismatch operator. The algebraic properties of the ground congruence is studied. The paper also takes a close look at barbed congruence. This relation i...

The relationship between phylogenetic accuracy and congruence between data partitions collected from the same taxa was explored for mitochondrial DNA sequences from two well-supported vertebrate phylogenies. An iterative procedure was adopted whereby accuracy, phylogenetic signal, and congruence were measured before and after modifying a simple reconstruction model, equally weighted parsimony. ...

EQ-algebras were introduced by Novak (2006) as an algebraic structure of truth values for fuzzy-type theory (FFT). Novák and De Baets (2009) various kinds such good, residuated, IEQ-algebras. In this paper, we define the notion (pre)ideal in bounded (BEQ-algebras) investigate some properties. Then, introduce a congruence relation on good BEQ-algebras using ideals, then, solve open problem Paad ...

A phylogeny has been calculated by maximum likelihood comparisons of the concatenated consensus protein sequences of 29 tobamoviruses shown to be non-recombinant. This phylogeny has statistically significant support throughout, including its basal branches. The viruses form eight lineages that are congruent with the taxonomy of the hosts from which each was first isolated and, with the exceptio...

Flat iteration is a variation on the original binary version of the Kleene star operation P Q, obtained by restricting the rst argument to be a sum of atomic actions. It generalizes pre x iteration, in which the rst argument is a single action. Complete nite equational axiomatizations are given for ve notions of bisimulation congruence over basic CCS with at iteration, viz. strong congruence, b...