The Generalized Generation Gap (G3) algorithm is one of the most efficient and effective state-of-the-art realcoded genetic algorithms (RCGAs) for unconstrained global optimization. However, its performance on multimodal optimization problems is known to be poor compared to unimodal optimization problems. The G3 algorithm currently relies on crossover operations only. The objective of this pape...

BACKGROUND The current Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine derived from G3 JE virus (JEV) can induce protective immunity against G1-G4 JEV genotypes. However, protective efficacy against the emerging G5 genotype has not been reported. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo tests, biological phenotype and cross-immunoreactions were compared between G3 JEV and G5 JEV (wild strains...

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to verify the decline in functionality of elderly people. [Subjects and Methods] The study subjects comprised 152 individuals (96 women; 56 men) divided into 3 groups: G1 (60 to 69 years, n=53); G2 (70 to 79 years, n=65); and G3 (80 years or older, n=34). Physical performance, balance, mobility, and muscle strength were assessed using Short Physical Performan...

In this study, we give the curves and tubular surfaces in Galilean space with modified orthogonal frame. Firstly, consider any curve G3 obtain derivative formulas of frame G3. Therefore, get surface Consequently, some examples figures.

Claviceps purpurea is an important pathogen of grasses and source of novel chemical compounds. Three groups within this species (G1, G2 and G3) have been recognized based on habitat association, sclerotia and conidia morphology, as well as alkaloid production. These groups have further been supported by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (A...

Here, we assessed outcome of experimental infection by Neospora caninum in goats intravenously inoculated with 10(6) tachyzoites of the Nc-Spain7 isolate at 40 (G1), 90 (G2) and 120 (G3) days of gestation. Infected goats had fever between 5 and 9 days post inoculation (dpi); all were seropositive at the time of abortion/birth. Foetal death occurred in G1 from 10 to 21 dpi (n = 7) and in G2 from...

Korean red ginseng (KRG) is reported to have anti-allergic properties, including beneficial effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, its effect on allergic rhinitis has not been studied extensively. This study examined how KRG affected allergic inflammation of the nasal cavity in an allergic mouse model. A total of 40 Balb/c female mice were divided into four experimental groups accord...

The large aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, including aggrecan, versican (PG-M), neurocan, and brevican, are characterized by N-terminal and C-terminal globular (or selectin-like) domains known as the G1 and G3 domains, respectively. For this study, we generated a series of expression constructs containing various combinations of chicken versican/PG-M domains and a leading peptide ...

BACKGROUND Chaperone activity of α-crystallin in the lens works to prevent protein aggregation and is important to maintain the lens transparency. This study evaluated the effect of hesperetin on lens chaperone activity in selenite-induced cataracts. METHODOLOGY Thirteen-day-old rats were divided into four groups. Animals were given hesperetin (groups G2 and G4) or vehicle (G1 and G3) on Days...