Reverse osmosis is a commonly used process in water desalination. Due to the scarcity of freshwater resources and wastewater problems, a lot of theory and experimental studies have been conducted to optimize this process. In the present study, the performance of reverse osmosis membrane module of salt–water separation was simulated based on computational fluid dynamics technique and solution-di...

Let (R, m) and (S, n) be commutative Noetherian local rings, and let φ : R→ S be a flat local homomorphism such that mS = n and the induced map on residue fields R/m→ S/n is an isomorphism. Given a finitely generated R-module M , we show that M has an S-module structure compatible with the given R-module structure if and only if Ext R (S, M) is finitely generated as an R-module for each i ≥ 1. ...

This paper is a sequel of [ER]. Specifically, letW be a Coxeter group, generated by si, i ∈ I. Then, following [ER], one can define a new deformation A+ = A+(W ) of the group algebra Z[W+] of the group W+ of even elements in W . This deformation is an algebra over the ring R = Z[t±1 ijk] = Z[T] of regular functions on a certain torus T of deformation parameters. The main result of [ER] implies ...

Let CΨ (X) be the ideal of functions with pseudocompact support and let kX be the set of all points in υX having compact neighborhoods. We show that CΨ (X) is pure if and only if βX−kX is a round subset of βX, CΨ (X) is a projective C(X)-module if and only if CΨ (X) is pure and kX is paracompact. We also show that if CΨ (X) is pure, then for each f ∈ CΨ (X) the ideal (f ) is a projective (flat)...

We prove a generalization of the Flat Cover Conjecture by showing for any ring R that (1) each (right R-) module has a Ker Ext(−, C)-cover, for any class of pure-injective modules C, and that (2) each module has a Ker Tor(−,B)-cover, for any class of left R-modules B. For Dedekind domains, we describe Ker Ext(−, C) explicitly for any class of cotorsion modules C; in particular, we prove that (1...

In the present work we intend to assess the readout feasibility of Avalanche Photodiode (APD) detectors via long signal lines for the development of a combined small-animal PET-MR prototype based on the ClearPEM technology. The detection performance of a LYSO-APD module was evaluated reading out the APD charge signals to the front-end ASIC via an 80 mm length flexible flat-cable (FFC). Experime...

We show that each R-module is n-flat (resp., weakly n-flat) if and only if R is an (n,n− 1)-ring (resp., a weakly (n,n− 1)-ring). We also give a new characterization of n-von Neumann regular rings and a characterization of weak n-von Neumann regular rings for (CH)-rings and for local rings. Finally, we show that in a class of principal rings and a class of local Gaussian rings, a weak n-von Neu...

Let R be an associative ring with identity. It is shown that every Σ -cotorsion left R-module satisfies the descending chain condition on divisibility formulae. If R is countable, the descending chain condition on M implies that it must be Σ -cotorsion. It follows that, for countable R, the class of Σ -cotorsion modules is closed under elementary equivalence and pure submodules. The modules M t...

The major barrier that prevents the application of formal verification to large designs is state explosion. This paper presents a new approach for verification of timed circuits using automatic abstraction. This approach partitions the design into modules, each with constrained complexity. Before verification is applied to each individual module, irrelevant information to the behavior of the se...