Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, in which pancreatic beta cells are destroyed in genetically predisposed individuals. While the direct contribution of autoantibodies to the disease pathogenesis is controversial, it is generally recognised that the mechanism of beta cell destruction is mediated by autoreactive T cells that had escaped the thymic selection. We aimed to design a met...

cDNAs coding for the full-length human 65 and 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67) were amplified from pancreas and hippocampus cDNA libraries by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Both cDNAs were inserted into a baculovirus vector which mediated highly efficient expression of the human GAD65 and GAD67 with histidine-hexapeptides as affinity ligands at their C-termini in ...

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65, GAD67) mRNA expression was measured in the globus pallidus (GP) and entopeduncular nucleus (ENTO) of normal, and MPTP-lesioned cats symptomatic for and recovered from MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. In the ENTO of symptomatic cats, GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA expression were both significantly increased, while only GAD67 gene expression was increased in the GP. Levels of...

In human prefrontal cortex (PFC), ~85% of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing neurons can be subdivided into non-overlapping groups by the presence of calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) or parvalbumin (PV). Substantial research has focused on the differences in the laminar locations of the cells bodies of these neurons, with limited attention to the distribution of their axon terminals, their si...

Two forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are present in inhibitory neurons of the mammalian brain, a 65-kDa isoform (GAD65) and a 67-kDa isoform (GAD67). We have previously found that GAD67 is upregulated during learning-dependent plasticity of cortical vibrissal representations of adult mice. After sensory conditioning involving pairing stimulation of vibrissae with a tail shock, the inc...

The smaller isoform of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD65, is synthesized as a soluble protein that undergoes post-translational modification(s) in the NH2-terminal region to become anchored to the membrane of small synaptic-like microvesicles in pancreatic beta cells, and synaptic vesicles in GABA-ergic neurons. A soluble hydrophilic form, a soluble hydrophobic for...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced disruptions in synaptic function within regions and across networks the limbic system may underlie a vulnerability for maladaptive plasticity contribute to behavioral comorbidities. In this study we measured how proteins respond lateral fluid percussion (FPI) known regulate emotion memory, including basolateral amygdala (BLA), dorsal ventral hippocampus (DH,...

Objective We describe a 58-year-old woman who presented with rapid cognitive changes and was found to have concurrent CSF NMDA GAD65 receptor antibodies. Background Antibodies against receptors are associated highly morbid autoimmune encephalitides. One case of co-occurring NMDA-R anti-GAD65 antibodies in patient progressive type I diabetes has previously been described. Herein, we high-functio...

Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibition has been implicated in both anxiety and epilepsy. GAD65-/- (NOD/LtJ) mice have significantly decreased basal GABA levels in the brain and a lowered threshold for seizure generation. One fifth of GAD65 -/- mice experienced stress-induced seizures upon exposure to an open field at 4 weeks of age. In each successive week until 8 weeks of age, the l...