Self-stabilizing distributed control is often modeled by token abstractions. A system with a single token may implement mutual exclusion; a system with multiple tokens may ensure that immediate neighbors do not simultaneously enjoy a privilege. For a cyber-physical system, tokens may represent physical objects whose movement is controlled. The problem studied in this paper is to ensure that a s...

| We examine the functional cohesion of procedures using a data slice abstraction. Our analysis identiies the data tokens that lie on more than one slice as the \glue" that binds separate components together. Cohesion is measured in terms of the relative number of glue tokens, tokens that lie on more than one data slice, and super-glue tokens, tokens that lie on all data slices in a procedure, ...

Abstract Blockchain has been one of the key innovations in information technology last 15 years. An important aspect applying blockchain is creation so-called non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Although name resembles cryptocurrencies because word token, practice, NFTs do not represent electronic money but a digital certificate ownership an asset. They effectively behave like whose total supply one, a...

The current popularity of non-fungible token (NFT) markets is one the most notable public successes blockchain technology. NFTs are blockchain-traded rights to any digital asset; including images, videos, music, even parts virtual worlds. As a first study NFT pricing, we explore pricing parcels real estate in largest world, Decentraland; an simply termed LAND. We show LAND price series characte...

In this study we analyze texts used in Russian Unified State Exam on English language. Texts that formed small research corpora were retrieved from 2 resources: official USE database as a reference point, and popular website used by pupils for USE training “Neznaika” (https://neznaika.pro/). The size of two corpora is balanced: USE has 11934 tokens and “Neznaika” - 11918 tokens. We share Biber’...

Six pigeons were studied in a token economy in which tokens could be produced and exchanged for food on one side of an experimental chamber and for water on the opposite side of the chamber. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a token-production fixed ratio (FR) schedule. Responses on a second key produced an exchange period during which tokens were exchanged for water or food. In...

Idiomatic expressions formed from a verb and a noun in its direct object position are a productive cross-lingual class of multiword expressions, which can be used both idiomatically and as a literal combination. This paper presents the VNC-Tokens dataset, a resource of almost 3000 English verb–noun combination usages annotated as to whether they are literal or idiomatic. Previous research using...