Although patients with severe multiple injuries may have other reasons for unconsciousness, traumatic brain injury (TBI) in these patients is frequently defined by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Nevertheless, the diagnostic value of GCS for severe TBI in the multiple-injured patient is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic value of GCS to identify severe TBI in multiple-injured pati...

bstract—Hippocampal granule cells (GCs) are continuously enerated in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) nd functionally incorporated to dentate neural circuits even n adulthood. This raises a question about the fate of neonaally born GCs in adult DG. Do they exist until adulthood or re they largely superseded by adult-born GCs? To investiate this question, we examined the contributi...

Prenatal exposure to excessive amounts of glucocorticosteroids (GCs) adversely affects the neural development and subsequent behavior of animals (see Matthews, 2000). Despite this, women who are likely to delivery prematurely are routinely given prenatal GCs because they decrease morbidity and mortality in preterm (PT) infants. Between 1994 and 2000, there was no consensus about the optimal num...

During postnatal development hippocampal dentate granule cells (GCs) often extend dendrites from the basal pole of their cell bodies into the hilar region. These so-called hilar basal dendrites (hBD) usually regress with maturation. However, hBDs may persist in a subset of mature GCs under certain conditions (both physiological and pathological). The functional role of these hBD-GCs remains not...

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat acute relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we demonstrate that liposomal encapsulation augments the therapeutic potency of GCs as they ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to the same extent as free GC, but at strongly reduced dosage and application frequency. Importantly, this is accompanied by an altered mode ...

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are produced by the adrenal glands and circulate in the blood to coordinate organismal physiology. In addition, different tissues may independently regulate their local GC levels via local GC synthesis. Here, we find that in the mouse, endogenous GCs show tissue-specific developmental patterns, rather than mirroring GCs in the blood. Using solid-phase extraction, HPLC, and...

Glucocorticoids (GCs) can damage neurons of the hippocampus, the principal target tissue in the brain for the hormone. Hippocampal neuron loss during aging in the rat is accelerated by prolonged GC exposure and decelerated by adrenalectomy. GCs appear to damage these neurons indirectly by inducing a state of vulnerability and thus impairing their capacity to survive a variety of metabolic chall...

In response to physiological and psychogenic stressors, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the systemic release of glucocorticoids (GCs). By virtue of nearly ubiquitous expression of the GC receptor and the multifaceted metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and immunologic functions of GCs, this system plays an essential role in the response to stress and restoration of ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemia elicits the rapid release of various amino acid neurotransmitters. A glutamate surge activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, triggering deleterious processes in neurons. Although glycine is a coagonist of the NMDA receptor, the effect of extracellular glycine concentration on ischemic injury remains controversial. To approach this issue, we exa...

Recent observational studies have revealed star-to-star abundance inhomogeneity among light elements (e.g., C, N, O, Na, and Al) of stars on the main sequence in the Galactic globular clusters (GCs). One of promising interpretations for this result is that the observed abundance inhomogeneity is due to the second generation of stars formed from ejecta of the first generation of evolved stars (e...