Exceptional sets where fibers have dimensions higher than the generic fiber dimension are of interest in mathematics and in application areas, such as the theory of overconstrained mechanisms. We show that fiber products promote such sets to become irreducible components, whereupon they can be found using techniques from numerical algebraic geometry for computing the irreducible decomposition. ...

This article analyzes the resort to the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) by human rights advocates and business actors. In doing so, this article considers how the EACJ fits Alter, Helfer, and Madsen’s concept of the authority of an international court (IC). According to Alter and her co-authors, an IC has authority when two conditions are met. First, when a legally binding ruling issued by...

in this paper, the time-like hyperruled surfaces in the minkowski 4-space and their algebraicinvariants are worked. also some characteristic results are found about these algebraic invariants.

the history of islamic jurisprudence has witnessed two heterogeneous yet apparently similar trends – although in two different periods of time and manifestations. one is the akhbāriyya movement in imāmī school, which, with a new approach to practicing sharī‘a and while negating ijtihād (legal reasoning), regards intellect as being unable to achieve legal rulings. the second trend is the salafiy...

Single-firm event studies play an important role in both scholarship and litigation despite the general invalidity of standard inference. We use a broad cross-section of 2000–2007 CRSP data and find that the standard approach performs poorly in terms of both Type I and Type II error rates. We discuss a simple-to-use alternative, the SQ test, based on sample quantiles of the empirical distributi...

The goal of this paper is to present a modified version (GML) of ML invariant which should take into account rulings over a projective base and allow further stratification of smooth affine rational surfaces. We provide a non-trivial example where GML invariant is computed for a smooth affine rational surface admitting no C-actions. We apply GML invariant to computing ML invariant of some three...


 Today there are indications of reduced public confidence in the formal law enforcement process through trial Court. Such conditions generally due to considering Court no longer a facility as last bastion for justice seekers, but has tendency means accommodating interests certain parties, especially ruler and groups capital owners such investors or developers called capitalists. This juri...

An intuitive design method is proposed for generating developable ruled B-spline surfaces from a sequence of straight line segments indicating the surface shape. The first and last are enforced to be head tail ruling lines resulting while interior required approximate rulings on as much possible. This manner conceptually similar popular way freeform curve in CAD community, observing that single...