When a human cell detects damaged DNA, it initiates the DNA damage response (DDR) that permits it to repair the damage and avoid transmitting it to daughter cells. Despite this response, changes to the genome occur and some cells, such as proliferating cancer cells, are prone to genome instability. The cellular processes that lead to genomic changes after a genotoxic event are not well understo...

Genomic instability is a condition that may be associated with carcinogenesis and/or physiological disorders when genetic lesions are not repaired. Besides, wild, captive, and domesticated vertebrates exposed to xenobiotics, leading health due cytogenotoxicity. This chapter provides an overview of tests assess cytogenotoxicity based on micronuclei (MNi) formation. Bone marrow test (BmMNt), peri...

Ephedrine, a natural alkaloid from plants of the genus Ephedra, has a chemical structure similar to catecholamines. It is well established that catecholamines (adraneline, noradrenaline and dopamine) cause genotoxic and mutagenic effects. Therefore, the objectives of this investigation were to examine weather ephedrine can exhibit genotoxic effects on isolated human lymphocytes in the Comet ass...

A current threat to the marine ecosystem is the high level of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV). Large whales have recently been shown to suffer sun-induced skin damage from continuous UV exposure. Genotoxic consequences of such exposure remain unknown for these long-lived marine species, as does their capacity to counteract UV-induced insults. We show that UV exposure induces mitochondrial DNA ...

This review describes progress in the development of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) arrays aimed at sensing DNA damage to identify genotoxic chemistry related to reactive metabolites. Genotoxicity refers to chemical or photochemical processes that damage DNA with toxic consequences. Our arrays feature DNA/enzyme films that form reactive metabolites of test chemicals that can subsequently react w...

BACKGROUND Human exposure to genotoxic agents in the environment and everyday life represents a serious health threat. Fast and reliable assessment of genotoxicity of chemicals is of main importance in the fields of new chemicals and drug development as well as in environmental monitoring. The tumor suppressor gene p21, the major downstream target gene of activated p53 which is responsible for ...

malathion (s-(1, 2-dicarboethoxyethyl) o, o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) is one of the organophosphate pesticides comprehensively used in agriculture fields throughout the world. in spite of widely used, little information are available about dna damage in aquatic organisms. therefore, the present study carried out to investigation of dna damage induced by malathion in cyprinus carpio (pisces: ...

In our previous paper we examined mutagenic and genotoxic activity of 4 α-asarone isomers 2-5 exhibiting relatively high hypolipidemic activity. In the present paper, we examined genotoxic activity of αasarone and its isomers as the ability to damage cellular DNA, evaluated in the comet assay. Additionally, mutagenic activity of α-asarone in Ames test has been examined. The Ames test for α-asar...

Isothiocyanates are the most intensively studied breakdown products of glucosinolates from Brassica plants and well recognized for their pleiotropic effects against cancer but also for their genotoxic potential. However, knowledge about the bioactivity of glucosinolate-borne nitriles in foods is very poor. As determined by GC-MS, broccoli glucosinolates mainly degrade to nitriles as breakdown p...

Coal is a mixture of a variety of compounds containing mutagenic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Exposure to coal is considered as an important non-cellular and cellular source of reactive oxygen species that can induce DNA damage. In addition, spontaneous combustion can occur in coal mining areas, further releasing compounds with detrimental effects on the environment. In th...