We have computed two Geophysical Model Functions (one for the vertical and one for the horizontal polarization) for the NSCAT scatterometer by using neural networks. These Neural Network Geophysical Model Functions (NN-GMF) were estimated with NSCAT scatterometer sigma-0 measurements collocated with ECMWF analyzed wind vectors during the period 15 January 1997 to 15 April 1997. We performed a S...

Details of Earth’s shallow subsurface—a key component of the critical zone (CZ)—are largely obscured because making direct observations with sufficient density to capture natural characteristic spatial variability in physical properties is difficult. Yet this inaccessible region of the CZ is fundamental to processes that support ecosystems, society, and the environment. Geophysical methods prov...

Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Canada Centre for Climate System Research / National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, France Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia Deutsches Klima Rechen Zentrum, Hamburg, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorolo...

Both geophysical and geochemical techniques contribute to our understanding of the complex nature of the Earth’s mantle, but the two sources of information provide very different viewpoints. Most geophysical evidence provides an instantaneous snapshot of current structure, whilst geochemical evidence has much more information on age. Further, geophysical probes are naturally integrative since t...

Conservationists have proposed methods for adapting to climate change that assume species distributions are primarily explained by climate variables. The key idea is to use the understanding of species-climate relationships to map corridors and to identify regions of faunal stability or high species turnover. An alternative approach is to adopt an evolutionary timescale and ask ultimately what ...

The surface quasi-geostrophic (SQG) equations are a model for low-Rossby number geophysical flows in which the dynamics are governed by potential temperature dynamics on the boundary. The model can be used to explore the effect on transport of the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional mesoscale geophysical flows. On an f -plane with linear stratification, we examine the dynamics ...

A wind scatterometer makes measurements of the normalized radar-backscatter coefficient of the ocean surface. To retrieve the wind, a geophysical model function (GMF), which relates to the near-surface wind, is used. The wind vector can be estimated using maximum-likelihood techniques from several measurements made at different azimuth angles. The probability density of the measured is assumed ...

This paper addresses the application of integrated chargeability and resistivity method and grade data in modeling and evaluation of copper deposits. We argue that the relationship between IP, Rs and grade data may be used for modeling and reserve estimation and tested this argument for Sarbisheh copper deposit that is located in eastern Iran. Geology and mineralization situation of Sarbisheh d...