Civil wars and con‡ict can be understood from an economic point of view only if there is incomplete contracting. I examine such settings and …rst discuss sources of incomplete contracting, from geography and ethnic and social distance to external interventions due to geopolitics or the presence of rents. Yet, since war is destructive, the contending parties might normally be expected to settle ...

abstract without knowing the established order, it would be impossible to reach goals of national security and benefits and it will cause lots of mistakes and large waste of national resources that would be irreparable. nowadays the big powers know the weaknesses and abilities of other countries at international levels. in fact that pakistan is situated in a such strategic part of the world, th...