نتایج جستجو برای: governments costs
تعداد نتایج: 200858 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
This short paper analyzes whether a federal transfer system can be designed to increase welfare, when state governments create political budget cycles to increase the likelihood of reelection. The results show how the federal government may announce a transfer scheme in advance for the post-election year that counteracts the welfare costs of political budget cycles. JEL Classification: D61, D72...
This paper develops a political economy framework that determines the factors causing underinvestment in public research expenditures. Governments are unable to fully compensate for unequal income distribution effects of research because of either their inability to make credible commitments or ofdeadweight costs associated with compensation.
The views expressed and the content presented in the paper are those of the authors and do not imply any expression of opinion on the part of the United Nations.
It is inevitable to have a common currency to do business and trading transactions within the Islamic Common Market. To fully comprehend the high significance of Islamic Common Currency, suffice it that one notices euro and US dollar used in transactions among member countries of Islamic Common Market are channeled to inject Islamic countries’ capitals into western and European economies while ...
for more than three decades healthcare decentralization has been promoted in developing countries as a way of improving the financing and delivery of public healthcare. decision autonomy under healthcare decentralization would determine the role and scope of responsibility of local authorities. jalal mohammed, nicola north, and toni ashton analyze decision autonomy within decentralized services...
BACKGROUND It is very challenging for resource-limited settings to introduce universal health coverage (UHC), particularly regarding the inclusion of high-cost renal dialysis as part of the UHC benefit package. This paper addresses three issues: (1) whether a setting commits to include renal dialysis in its UHC benefit package and if so, why and how; (2) how to ensure quality of renal dialysis ...
Municipalities in New England are facing long-term structural fiscal imbalances. Various reports have documented that cities and towns have had a hard time raising sufficient local revenue to meet increasing demands for spending, and some communities are experiencing greater distress than others. To address such issues, states often use local aid—a mechanism by which funds are collected statewi...
A Helping Hand or the Long Arm of the Law? Experimental Evidence on What Governments Can Do to Formalize Firms Many governments have spent much of the past decade trying to extend a helping hand to informal businesses by making it easier and cheaper for them to formalize. Much less effort has been devoted to raising the costs of remaining informal, through increasing enforcement of existing reg...
Gold has both private uses (depletion uses and service uses) and government uses. It can be obtained from mines with high extraction costs (about $300 per ounce) or from aboveground stocks with no extraction costs. Governments still store massive stocks of gold. Making government gold available for private uses through some combination of sales and loans raises welfare from private uses by remo...
BACKGROUND Because lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination efforts are hampered by a dearth of economic information about the cost of mass drug administration (MDA) programs (using either albendazole with diethylcarbamazine [DEC] or albendazole with ivermectin), a multicenter study was undertaken to determine the costs of MDA programs to interrupt transmission of infection with LF. Such results a...
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