According to Griffiths and Mumford (1), psychotropic substances that have the potential to be used as drugs of abuse share two essential features: 1) they have positive reinforcing properties, that is, they induce pleasurable effects; 2) they can harm the individual who uses them and/or society. Current conceptualizations of substance abuse tend to consider positive reinforcing properties and h...

Mustard (Brassica and Sinapis spp.) green manures tilled into the soil preceding potato crops act as biofumigants that are toxic to plant–parasitic nematodes, providing an alternative to synthetic soil fumigants. However, it is not known whether mustard green manures also kill beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) that contribute to the control of pest insects. We used sentinel insect pr...

Climate change-induced warming and ocean acidification are considered two imminent threats to marine biodiversity and current ecosystem structures. Here, we have for the first time examined an animal's response to a complete life cycle of exposure to co-occurring warming (+3°C) and ocean acidification (+1,600 μatm CO 2), using the key subarctic planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, as a mod...

Many previous event studies have found unexpectedly large losses to firms involved in negative incidents. Many of these studies’ authors explain such losses as “goodwill losses” or "reputation effects." To test this hypothesis, we search for residual losses (in excess of direct costs) to firms involved in events which produce ill will, but do not affect the quality of their final products nor b...

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological disorder. Patients with aneurysmal SAH develop secondary complications that are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Aside from secondary neurological injuries, SAH has been associated with nonneurologic medical complications, such as neurocardiogenic injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema, hyperglycemia, and electrolyte imbalance,...

Anxiety, a state of uneasiness or apprehension toward a vague or nonspecific threat, is prevalent in cardiac patients. Estimates are as high as 70% to 80% during the acute phase, and it persists long-term in 20% to 25% of patients. Anxiety inflicts its toll through 3 major pathways. In the physiological pathway, anxiety affects the musculoskeletal system by causing muscular tension; the autonom...

We report herein two cases of intractable atopic dermatitis successfully treated by simply avoiding the contact with surface-active detergents in the daily life and living. The detergents were closely related to the exacerbation and remission of the disease. Steroid ointment was no longer used. We discuss that the removal of horny layer lipids by surface-active detergents accelerates the transe...

most women want to know about possible consequences radiology, radioisotope or even television terminal. because knowing about them, prevent from fear. fetus is inevitably placed to some types of radiation. environmental radiation occurs from atmosphere, soil and buildings. total radiation above, ingested and possibly inhaled radioisotopes probably is seventy five-thousandth to one-tenth of ram...

Introduction: Video games are common cultural issues with great influence in all societies. One of the important cognitive effects of video games is on creating stress on video players. The present research objective was to study different types of stress in players based on video game styles.  Methods: A total of 80 players, aged 18 to 30 years, played four types of video games;  Ru...