Nonrotating ("locked") magnetic islands often lead to complete losses of confinement in tokamak plasmas, called major disruptions. Here locked islands were suppressed for the first time, by a combination of applied three-dimensional magnetic fields and injected millimeter waves. The applied fields were used to control the phase of locking and so align the island O point with the region where th...

Geocell structures consist of a series of interconnected single cells, made from different polymer materials. The cell walls completely encase the infill material and provide an all-around confinement to the soil. The confinement effect is based on three main mechanisms: active earth pressure within loaded cell, passive earth resistance in the adjacent cells and hoop stresses in the cell walls....

Salt crystallization is a major cause of weathering of rocks, artworks and monuments. Damage can only occur if crystals continue to grow in confinement, i.e. within the pore space of these materials, thus generating mechanical stress. We report the direct measurement, at the microscale, of the force exerted by growing alkali halide salt crystals while visualizing their spontaneous nucleation an...

the objective of this study has been to examine the relationship between home and the hospital confinement in the treatment of serious illness and the impact of such phenomena on the pattern of the delivery of health care in the rural areas. in this study a total of 10,248 inhabitants of 11 villages in isphahan (mobarakeh area) were studied during a six months period between march and september...

Controversy surrounds the risk of heading a soccer ball. The research objectives were to determine the statistical distributions of head accelerations during soccer heading for adult versus youth players, to compare results with known safe levels, and to suggest steps to reduce risk for children. Monte Carlo simulations of large numbers of head-ball impacts were done using equations of motion b...

A compact and comprehensive interface, called ESI, between magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium codes and gyro-kinetic, particle orbit, MHD stability, and transport codes is presented. Its irreducible set of equilibrium data consists of four 2or 3-D functions of coordinates and four 1-D radial profiles together with their first derivatives. The C reconstruction routines (accessible also from ...

Failure behavior of granite material is paramount for host rock stability of geological repositories for high-level waste (HLW) disposal. Failure behavior also affects the seepage behavior related to transportation of radionuclide. Few of the published studies gave a consistent analysis on how confinement and water pressure affect the failure behavior, which in turn influences the seepage behav...

Combustion and evaporation processes occurring in a closed chamber can result in significant pressure rise and direct work transfer. The pressure and volumetric changes that accompany such processes allow substantial work potential to be achieved in cyclic nonsteady devices, such as internal combustion engines and pulsed combustion or detonation engines. The ideal pressure gain or work producti...

Two-dimensional (2D) colloidal anisotropic CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) have attracted a great deal of attraction within recent years. Their strong thickness-dependent absorption and emission spectra exhibit significant differences from those of other shaped CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) due to a unique atomically flat morphology. Based on their dielectric confinement effect and the large confinement en...