The role of health systems infrastructure in studies of cost-effectiveness analysis and health resource allocation is discussed, and previous health sector cost-effectiveness analyses are cited. Two substantial difficulties concerning the nature of health system costs and the policy choices are presented. First, the issue of health system infrastructure can be addressed by use of computer model...

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Despite the generally long life span of concrete structures, they cannot be considered maintenance-free. Several incidents of catastrophic failures remind the engineering world that monitoring of structures is imperative nowadays both for prevention of loss of life and property and also for effective infrastructure management based on a usually finite budget. Due to the variety of structural si...

Contemporary ecological models of health prominently feature the natural environment as fundamental to the ecosystem services that support human life, health, and well-being. The natural environment encompasses and permeates all other spheres of influence on health. Reviews of the natural environment and health literature have tended, at times intentionally, to focus on a limited subset of ecos...

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The US Federal Reserve Board has concluded that the failure of civil infrastructure systems to perform at their expected level may reduce the national gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 1%. Intelligent-infrastructure systems and components hold promise for improving performance with an excellent cost/benefit ratio. A recent National Science Foundation (NSF) workshop demonstrated the sta...

Health information infrastructure is being developed across Canada, and health informatics education should be a component of the emerging infrastructure. However, educational opportunities do not appear to be developing in pace with infrastructure. This study characterizes the required education, and describes specific issues facing the development of health informatics education. Twenty-six k...

BACKGROUND Diagnosis and treatment for venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) have evolved considerably through diagnostic and therapeutic innovations. Despite their considerable potential for enhancing care, however, the extent to which these innovations are being adopted in usual practice is unknown. We documented the infrastructure available in hospitals and health regions across Canada for pro...

conclusions the results indicated that suitable facilities and equipment, human resources, and infrastructure were available in the district hospitals in iran. these findings showed that there is potential for the district hospitals to provide care in a wider spectrum. results in this study, 100% of the studied hospitals had oxygen cylinders, running water, electricity, anesthesia machines, eme...