The role of optical buffering in the development of all-optical cross-connects is discussed, followed by an analysis of fibre delay line implementations in optical buffers. It is shown that the traffic model plays an important part in the analyses of the systems, together with the traffic load, the use of internal buffer wavelengths, and the cross-connect architecture. Travelling buffers have s...

Riparian buffers, the vegetated region adjacent to streams and wetlands, are thought to be effective at intercepting and reducing nitrogen loads entering water bodies. Riparian buffer width is thought to be positively related to nitrogen removal effectiveness by influencing nitrogen retention or removal. We surveyed the scientific literature containing data on riparian buffers and nitrogen conc...

Programs written in C are inherently vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. Functions are frequently passed pointers as parameters without any hint of their sizes. Since their sizes are unknown, most run time buffer overflow detection techniques instead rely on signatures of known attacks or loosely estimate the range of the referenced buffers. Although they are effective in detecting most atta...

Previous researchers have tried to understand in what situations people feel gratitude and indebtedness in response to other people helping them, and have found that benefit value, helper effort, helper obligation, and helper intention were all important. However, helper intentions are not always clear. We gave Chinese participants helping vignettes and tested how they inferred helpers' ambiguo...

Efficient loading of MHC class II molecules with a T helper epitope of choice can be achieved through genetic exchange of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP) sequence with a sequence encoding the helper peptide. We have now used this method to engineer a cellular vaccine that continuously expresses a tumor-specific helper epitope in a defined costimulatory context. We pro...

The objectives of this study were to compare coarse root (diameter > 2 mm) and fine root (diameter < 2 mm) biomass, as well as distribution of soil carbon stocks in 3 types of riparian land uses across 4 sites located in farmland of southern Québec, Canada: (1) hybrid poplar buffers (9th growing season); (2) herbaceous buffers; (3) natural woodlots (varying in tree species and age). For all lan...