abstract this investigation was conducted to replace artificial food with gammarus and study this effect on survival and growth parameters of jewel in case of completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates in each treatments. 270 jewel fishes with initial mean weight of 1.22±0.72 were reared in 9 aquariums (30 fishes in each aquarium) with volume of 100 liter water. experimenta...

Physiologic studies have suggested that anemia could adversely affect the cardiovascular condition of patients with heart failure. Yet, the prognostic importance of this treatable condition is not well established by epidemiologic studies. We sought to determine the prognostic value of hematocrit level in a cohort of elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. We studied a consecutive sam...

PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS are characterized by multiple interdependent components that collectively subserve various processes and functions. In seeking better understanding of the performance of such complex systems, we must identify and evaluate alternative ways and operating schemes, comparing their predicted performance with goals or objectives of interest. Optimization entails selecting a bett...

A N ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN to the individual cell in a multicellular organism is dependent on a circulatory system by means of which oxygen, reversibly bound to various pigments, is transported from an uptake organ to the capillaries of the tissues. From these capillaries, oxygen diffuses to the cell via the capillary wall, the extracellular water, and the cellular membranes. An adequate sup...

We investigate oscillatory blood flow in an elastic artery and in the presence of stenosis, whose form is given analytically. The stenosis is a condition where an artery wall thickens as a result of fatty materials such as cholesterol. We consider the case of very low pulse frequency that can be the case for patients whose hearts beat too slowly, but with arbitrary value of the ratio γ of the a...