A comprehensive study of electromagnetic waves underwater propagation for a wireless sensor network is introduced in this paper. A mathematical model for the path loss due to attenuation of electromagnetic waves propagates in sea and pure water is given. Reflection from the air-water and water-sand interfaces as a function of distance between sensors and water depth is also introduced. A high g...

Some recent investigations on multiband microstrip antennas have been focused upon obtaining the frequencies of interest, however, much less attention is paid to obtain a relatively stable high-gain [1], [2]. A single-layer circular microstrip antenna with 2-D defected ground structure (DGS) was reported to obtain the stable gain [3]. However, it might be difficult to increase the gain of this ...

High speed wireless communication system attracts much attention in recent years. To realize the high speed wireless communication system utilizing ultrawide-frequency bands, a broadband antenna must be required. However, it is difficult to obtain the antenna which has uniform characteristics in broad frequency band. Thus, the communication quality tends to become worse because of distortion of...