The use of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices in the form of ‘bundles’ and in integration with the business strategy of the organisation have been emphasised throughout the HRM literature. These are called the horizontal integration and vertical integration respectively. This article aim at examining the use of these practices in liner shipping industry in which human element plays a vi...

We investigated over what central area disparity in a random dot stereogram is integrated to stimulate an initial vergence response. Vergence was measured subjectively, with a forced choice dichoptic nonius vernier task following a brief (230 msec) stimulus presentation. Stimuli were random-dot stereograms showing a central circular disc of 12.5 min arc crossed retinal disparity in front of, an...

Legacy information systems are usually tailored to support particular business functions, such as payroll or purchasing, and are as a consequence usually difficult to integrate. However, companies of today strive to streamline their business processes (intraas well as inter-organizational). This gives rise to a strong need for much better integration of systems (existing as well as new in-house...

The first essay empirically examines the effect of vertical integration on downstream market outcomes. Theory shows that vertical integration can promote efficient trade by mitigating contractual problems between firms. It can also facilitate the strategic practice of market foreclosure, by which an integrated firm denies a rival access to downstream markets for the purpose of gaining market po...

The major focus in the joint-services area today is on Horizontal Integration (HI)– rapidly fusing and exploiting the data from different collection systems to speed the flow of correlated intelligence to war fighters, both for situational awareness and targeting. In this paper we discuss several technologies potentially useful in HI. They are Decentralized Data Fusion (DDF), NetCentric Archite...

This paper addresses a very European issue, the consolidation of securities trading and settlement infrastructures. In a two-country model, we analyze welfare implications of di¤erent types of consolidation. We …nd that in our model, full technical horizontal integration of settlement systems is better than vertical integration of exchanges and settlement systems, but vertical integration is st...

Authors: Elena I. Barragan, MD, PhD, Alejandra Mercado, MD, Guillermo De Hoyos, MD, Hector H. Morello, MD, PhD, Susana Sanchez, PhD, School of Medicine. National University of Comahue, Argentina

BACKGROUND In order to develop clinical reasoning, medical students must be able to integrate knowledge across traditional subject boundaries and multiple disciplines. At least two dimensions of integration have been identified: horizontal integration, bringing together different disciplines in considering a topic; and vertical integration, bridging basic science and clinical practice. Much att...