Small and Medium enterprises act as catalysts in the economic development of the developed and developing countries. Developing countries like Nigeria that require sustained economic growth in their economies must pay attention to the SME sector and harness the great potential to generate employment, improved local technology, output diversification, developed indigenous entrepreneurship and fo...

BACKGROUND In India, Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and injuries account for an estimated 62% of the total age-standardized burden of forgone Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Public and private financing of clinical services to reduce the NCD burden is a major challenge. METHODS We used National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) survey data from 1995-96 and 2004 covering nearly 200 t...

background: health inequalitymonitoring especially in health care financing field is very important. hence, this study tends to assess the inequality in household's capacity to pay and out-of-pocket health carepaymentsin tehran metropolis. methods: this cross-sectional study was performed in 2013.thestudy population was selected by stratified cluster sampling, and they constitute the typical ho...

Tobacco is an illicit product sold in the world and involves fatal communicable diseases deaths. In several countries, tobacco revenue contributes to health of victims. This study aimed evaluate contribution taxes financing system Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) during period 3 years (from 2019 2021) order give some suggestions. A descriptive literature review on tax was conducted from three co...

Background: Out-of-pocket payments for medical services may undermine access to and equity in healthcare financing. Objectives: The present study aimed determine the distribution of burden out-of-pocket among households Qazvin province, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical was conducted on urban rural Iran during 2019 - 2020. Data were obtained from Statistics Center (2019 2020). optimal ...

S IGNIFICANT debates on the financing of old-age and survivors insurance preceded and accompanied the enactment of the original Social Security Act of 1935 and its revisions in 1939 and in 1950. Contribution rates, reserve fund accumulation, and current-cost versus levelpremiilm financing were the topics most widely debated. The same issues were involved in the discussions that led Congress to ...

Background: Health inequalitymonitoring especially in Health care financing field is very important. Hence, this study tends to assess the inequality in household's capacity to pay and out-of-pocket health carepaymentsin Tehran metropolis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2013.Thestudy population was selected by stratified cluster sampling, and they constitute the typical...

BACKGROUND The relationship between payments towards healthcare and ability to pay is a measure of financial fairness. Analysis of progressivity is important from an equity perspective as well as for macroeconomic and political analysis of healthcare systems. Bangladesh health systems financing is characterized by high out-of-pocket payments (63.3%), which is increasing. Hence, we aimed to see ...

The development of a health-care system depends on a country’s economic, political, social and cultural background. Because of China’s transformation over the last 20 years from a socialist economy to a market economy, China’s healthcare services have been converted from social and public goods to market goods without government planning or intervention. Liu’s article (1) in this issue clearly ...