One of the most important components an aircraft is landing gear. In today`s modern gears, mostly oleo-pneumatic shock struts are used. Analytically, gear can be modeled as a mass-spring-damper system. The model used in study included such strut, tire and wheel. Furthermore, tapered metering pin was added to order control area orifice by which hydraulic oil flows during act impact force. Landin...

This paper introduces a novel passive suspension system for ground vehicles. This system is based on a flexible Electromagnetic Shock Absorber (EMSA). In the proposed system, efforts are made to a) select a high damping coefficient usable in a car b) determine Physical dimensions and geometry not much different from those of the mechanical shock absorbers and c) seletct EMSA weight and volume l...

In this paper, we describe the nonlinear outcome of spiral shocks in protoplan-etary disks. Spiral shocks, for most protoplanetary disk conditions, create a loss of vertical force balance in the post-shock region and result in rapid expansion of the gas perpendicular to the disk midplane. This expansion has characteristics similar to hydraulic jumps, which occur in incompressible fluids. We pre...

In this paper, we describe the nonlinear outcome of spiral shocks in protoplan-etary disks. Spiral shocks, for most protoplanetary disk conditions, create a loss of vertical force balance in the post-shock region and result in rapid expansion of the gas perpendicular to the disk midplane. This expansion has characteristics similar to hydraulic jumps, which occur in incompressible fluids. We pre...

In this paper, we describe the nonlinear outcome of spiral shocks in protoplan-etary disks. Spiral shocks, for most protoplanetary disk conditions, create a loss of vertical force balance in the post-shock region and result in rapid expansion of the gas perpendicular to the disk midplane. This expansion has characteristics similar to hydraulic jumps, which occur in incompressible fluids. We pre...

We use the Covid-19 pandemic to assess whether diversification in various dimensions can protect European banks from substantial negative valuation shocks. Our results demonstrate that functional acts as an economically significant shock absorber: it mitigates banks’ stock market decline by approximately 10 percentage points. Loan portfolio also contributes dampening shock, but with a much lowe...