INTRODUCTION Hypospadias is a common inborn error of the genital development, whose complex etiology remains elusive. Defects of the androgen metabolism and activity have been found in a subset of boys with hypospadias. Moreover, the balance between androgens and estrogens seems to be important to the proper male genital development. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), an estrogen respons...

OBJECTIVE Maternal risk factors for hypospadias are poorly defined, and there is debate about temporal trends in hypospadias prevalence. We examined select maternal characteristics as possible risk factors for hypospadias among male offspring and evaluated yearly prevalence rates in Washington State. METHODS We performed a population-based, case-control study using linked birth-hospital disch...

Urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) is an inherent, most common and a challenging complication of hypospadias repair. Although hypospadias repair techniques are numerous and varied, from simple to complex and demanding, none is immune from fistula formation [1]. The first step to avoid UCF formation after hypospadias repair is to understand how fistula occurs. Several factors have been suggested in ...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the risks and benefits of Mathieu repair of hypospadias with or without circumcision in consecutive operated cases. METHODS Eighty-six children with midshaft or distal hypospadias were randomly divided into two groups and underwent circumcision (Group A) or preputial reconstruction (Group B) during hypospadias repair. Postoperative complicat...

BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a relatively common birth defect affecting the male urinary tract. It has been suggested that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals might increase the risk of hypospadias by interrupting normal urethral development. METHODS Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case-control study, we considered the role of maternal expos...

Our aim was to define the association between early onset intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency and hypospadias in males. We prospectively studied a cohort of small-for-gestational age (SGA) male infants with hypospadias managed by a multidisciplinary team over a 5-year period. Thirty SGA male infants were diagnosed with hypospadias/abnormal genitalia after birt...

Complications in hypospadias surgery are not uncommon however penile skin or flap necrosis is rarely reported. Ischemia of the flap or graft is a major complication in two stage repair of hypospadias. A 2-year old boy with proximal penile hypospadias, operated earlier for chordee correction and urethral plate formation with a preputial flap, presented for stage 2 repair. Ten days after surgery ...

INTRODUCTION We assessed the relationship between hypospadias and proximity to agricultural pesticide applications using a GIS-based exposure method. METHODS We obtained information for 354 cases of hypospadias born between 1998 and 2002 in eastern Arkansas; 727 controls were selected from birth certificates. We classified exposure on pounds of pesticides (estimated by crop type) applied or p...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of urethral coverage by a single- or double-layered dorsal dartos flap after tubularized incised-plate (TIP) repair of hypospadias on fistula formation. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective study we evaluated sequential patients with hypospadias who underwent TIP urethroplasty with a dorsal dartos interpositional flap between April 2008 and December 2009...

The staged graft urethroplasty is a recommended technique for repairing complex hypospadias. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the outcomes of this technique in hypospadias patients undergoing reoperation and to analyze the underlying contributing factors including age, meatus location, and graft and suture type.We retrospectively analyzed 40 hypospadias patients undergoing reoperat...