The water surface slope (WSS) of rivers is essential for estimating flow velocity and discharge. It also helpful as a correction applied to range measurements satellite altimetry missions derive level time series at virtual station. Using radar altimetry, WSS can only be roughly estimated limited wide because its coarse spatiotemporal resolution. In contrast, the lidar sensor onboard Ice, Cloud...

Using ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2 freeboards, we examine the variability of monthly Arctic sea ice snow depth, thickness volume between October 2018 April 2021. For 3 years, satellite-derived estimates captured a decrease in mean depth (?2.50 cm) (?0.28 m) equivalent to an loss ?12.5%. Results show greater thinning multiyear with end-of-season 2021 that is lower by ?16.1% (0.50 m), negligible change...

We investigated mass balance changes over five ice rises in the last few decades near Fimbul and Nivl shelves central Dronning Maud Land. use Input-Output Method constrained using field-based geophysical measurements conducted during austral summers of 2012–14 three Ice Shelf. Further, we satellite altimetry data (ICESat, ICESat-2, CryoSat-2) to estimate geodetic all recent decades. Both field-...

Rapid and accurate estimation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) with fine details is crucial for effective monitoring management, where height plays a key role in AGB quantification. In this study, we propose random (RF)-based down-scaling method to map at 15-m resolution by integrating Landsat 8 OLI Ice, Cloud Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) LiDAR data. ICESat-2 photon data are used de...

Ice-sheet mass balance and ice behaviour have been effectively monitored remotely by space-borne laser ranging technology, i.e. satellite altimetry, and/or gravimetry. ICESat mission launched in 2003 has pioneered altimetry providing a large amount of elevation data related to sheet change with high spatial temporal resolution. ICESat-2, the successor mission, was 2018, continuing legacy its pr...

The ice, cloud, and land elevation satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is providing global measurements to the science community. ICESat-2 measures height of Earth’s surface using a photon counting laser altimeter, ATLAS (advanced topographic altimetry system). As system, number reflected photons per shot, or radiometry, function primarily transmitted energy, solar elevation, reflectance, atmospheric scatte...

Snow is a crucial element in the Earth’s system, but snow depth and mass are very challenging to be measured globally. Here, we provide theoretical foundation for deriving directly from space-borne lidar (ICESat-2) multiple scattering measurements first time. First, based on Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations of ICESat-2 532-nm laser light propagation snow, find that backscattering path...