This paper introduces Gaia theory to the general reader. It provides the necessary background to follow the development of James Lovelock's thinking as he originated the Gaia theory by comparison of the atmospheres around Mars and other planets during his sojourn at NASA. Lynn Margulis' contributions to Gaia are also presented and the bases for her collaboration with Lovelock explored. In addit...

In 1991 Lai, Massey and Murphy introduced the IPES (Improved Proposed Encryption Standard), later renamed IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm). In this paper we analyse versions of IDEA with a reduced number of rounds. We consider diierential attacks using truncated diierentials, which can be used to cryptanalyse, at least in theory, up to 3.5 rounds of IDEA. The attack on 3.5 rounds ...

We demonstrate the main results of the Esprit Project P6333 IDEA, lasted from June 1992 to March 1997, whose main contributors are five industrial partners from five European countries: Bull, the main contractor (France), TXTInformatica (Italy), Sema (Spain), Dutch PIT (Holland), and Bim (Belgium), and four research institutes: ECRC in Munich, INRIA in Paris, the University of Bonn, and Politec...

Since almost two decades, the block cipher IDEA has resisted an exceptional number of cryptanalysis attempts. At the time of writing, the best published attack works against 6 out of the 8.5 rounds (in the non-related-key attacks model), employs almost the whole codebook, and improves the complexity of an exhaustive key search by a factor of only two. In a parallel way, Lipmaa demonstrated that...

Large classes of weak keys have been found for the block cipher algorithm IDEA, previously known as IPES [2]. IDEA has a 128bit key and encrypts blocks of 64 bits. For a class of 2 keys IDEA exhibits a linear factor. For a certain class of 2 keys the cipher has a global characteristic with probability 1. For another class of 2 keys only two encryptions and solving a set of 16 nonlinear boolean ...

To achieve the dramatic improvements in capacity and spectral efficiency needed for fifth generation (5G) systems to accommodate the ever increasing number of users who require ubiquitous access to high volumes of wireless data, three symbiotic technological directions are independently emerging [1]: • Increasing frequency reuse through the creation of smaller cells, referred to as picoand femt...

This is a review of recent results on conformal (super)algebras. It may be viewed as an amplification of my Wigner medal acceptance speech (given in July 1996 in Goslar, Germany) reproduced in the introduction. 0 Introduction. It is a well kept secret that the theory of Kac-Moody algebras has been a disaster. True, it is a generalization of a very important object, the simple finite-dimensional...

This article presents a new conceptual view on the conscious will. This new concept approaches our will from the perspective of the requirements of our neural-muscular system and not from our anthropocentric perspective. This approach not only repositions the will at the core of behavior control, it also integrates the studies of Libet and Wegner, which seem to support the opposite. The will do...