Many applications in computer animation portray the motion of a human arm and torso. Often such applications can benefit from a combination of Inverse (IK) and Forward (FK) Kinematics controls to manipulate the arms of the model. The human arm is a kinematic chain with seven degrees of freedom. The previous analytic solution to this kinematic chain gives highly detailed IK controls, but problem...

The voltage dependent ionic currents in cultured embryonic skeletal myocytes at stages of development ranging from 1 to 6 day were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Sodium (INa) and calcium (ICa) inward and potassium (IK) outward currents were observed at all stages. INa did not differ from that described in adult frog striated muscle fibres. Slow ICa was mediated by current t...

Distributed sources are included in the Einstein equations. Such modification of the general relativity provides a simple description of the accelerated expansion of the Universe with a dynamical scaling. Distributed sources can also be applied to more local cosmological phenomena, which defy conventional explanation. A possibility of superluminary effects is indicated. The Einstein equations f...

Electrical cardioversion (ECV), a mainstay in atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment, is unsuccessful in up to 10-20% of patients. An important aspect of the remodeling process caused by AF is the constitutive activition of the atrium-specific acetylcholine-dependent potassium current (IK,ACh → IK,ACh-c), which is associated with ECV failure. This study investigated the role of IK,ACh-c in ECV fail...

bstract —Large aspiny (LA) neurons in the neostriatum are esistant to cerebral ischemia whereas spiny neurons are ighly vulnerable to the same insult. Excitotoxicity has been mplicated as the major cause of neuronal damage after ischmia. Voltage-dependent potassium currents play important oles in controlling neuronal excitability and therefore influnce the ischemic outcome. To reveal the ionic ...

In this paper we present a decoupling inequality that shows that multivariate Ustatistics can be studied as sums of (conditionally) independent random variables. This result has important implications in several areas of probability and statistics including the study random graphs and multiple stochastic integration. More precisely, we get the following result: Theorem 1. Let {Xj} be a sequence...

Potassium currents in pleural sensory neurons of Aplysia were studied under control conditions and in the presence of serotonin (5-HT). Using pharmacological techniques we isolated a current that we refer to as IK,V. Although it is not known whether IK,V represents a distinct type of membrane channel, we described its properties using a Hodgkin-Huxley type model. The effects of 5-HT on IK,V wer...

Voltage-gated potassium currents were studied in nucleated outside-out patches obtained from large layer 5 pyramidal neurons in acute slices of sensorimotor cortex from 13- to 15-day-old Wistar rats (22-25 C). Two main types of current were found, an A-current (IA) and a delayed rectifier current (IK), which were blocked by 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) and tetraethylammonium (30 mM), respectively. Re...