in an attempt to convert mass vaccination practices to the extended programme on immunization, a sero-evaluation study was carried out in rural iran in 1976. a total of 22 246 rural children of 2-12 years of age were sampled. blood samples taken on filter paper were tested by indirect hemagglutination technique to determine the level of circulating antibodies against tetanus toxoid. tetanus was...

Social fear learning offers an efficient way to transmit information about potential threats; little is known, however, about the learning processes that counteract the social transmission of fear. In three separate experiments, we found that safety information transmitted from another individual (i.e., demonstrator) during preexposure prevented subsequent observational fear learning (Experimen...

The isolation and cultivation of the tubercle bacillus by R. Kocli gave a great impetus to the efforts to immunize susceptible animals against tuberculosis. The methods of vaccination successfully used in a certain number of bacterial infections were naturally seized upon so as to arrive at the same results in this disease. The discovery of tuberculin by Koch led people to hope that it would be...

Streptococcus sanguis (the Streptococcus s.b.e. of Loewe), originally identified by White and his coworkers, has, with few exceptions, been isolated only from the blood stream of patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis (White, 1944; White and Niven, 1946; Niven and White, 1946; Loewe et al., 1946; Niven et al., 1946; Washburn et al., 1946). This causative organism has a type specificity a...