Individualism and collectivism, or self-construal style, refer to cultural values that influence how people think about themselves and their relation to the social and physical environment. Recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that cultural values of individualism and collectivism dynamically modulate neural response within cortical midline structures, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (MPF...

We consider two merit functions which can be used for solving the nonlinear complementarity problem via nonnegatively constrained minimization. One of the functions is the restricted implicit Lagrangian (Refs. 1-3), and the other appears to be new. We study the conditions under which a stationary point of the minimization problem is guaranteed to be a solution of the underlying complementarity ...

In this experiment, we examined the extent to which error-driven learning may operate under implicit learning conditions. We compared error monitoring in a sequence learning task in which stimuli consisted of regular, irregular, or random sequences. Subjects were either informed (explicit condition) or not informed (implicit condition) about the existence of the sequence. For both conditions, r...

In this study, the finite difference method is applied to an optimal control problem controlled by two functions which are in the coefficients of two-dimensional Schrodinger equation. Convergence of the finite difference approximation according to the functional is proved. We have used the implicit method for solving the two-dimensional Schrodinger equation. Although the implicit scheme obtaine...

The current study investigates an experimental anxiety reduction intervention among a highly socially anxious sample (N=108; n=36 per Condition; 80 women). Using a conditioning paradigm, our goal was to modify implicit social anxiety associations to directly test the premise from cognitive models that biased cognitive processing may be causally related to anxious responding. Participants were t...

Across cultures, people conceptualize time as if it flows along a horizontal timeline, but the direction of this implicit timeline is culture-specific: in cultures with left-to-right orthography (e.g., English-speaking cultures) time appears to flow rightward, but in cultures with right-to-left orthography (e.g., Arabic-speaking cultures) time flows leftward. Can orthography influence implicit ...

The author investigated the importance of processing considerations within implicit memory in a developmental design. Second-graders (n = 87) and college students (n = 81) completed perceptual (word stem completion) and conceptual (category generation) implicit memory tests after studying target items either nonsemantically (read) or semantically (generated). In support of previous research, th...

In a recent study a strong congruency-effect has been shown between processing numbers (high/low) and nouns with an implicit up or down directional cue (e.g. roof/root). On this basis, the present study investigates the impact of grammatical number on this effect. Subjects processed number cues (2,3,8,9) followed by singular nouns with either up, down or none oriented cue in one condition and t...

Using motivational intensity theory as a framework, three experiments examined how implicit self-focus (manipulated with masked first-name priming) and explicit self-focus (manipulated with a large mirror) influence effort-related cardiovascular activity, particularly systolic blood pressure reactivity. Theories of self-focused attention suggest that both implicit and explicit self-focus bring ...

Previous research has shown that the activation of a goal leads to more implicit positivity toward goal-relevant stimuli. We examined how the actual pursuit of a goal influences subsequent implicit positivity toward such stimuli. Participants were consciously or non-consciously primed with a goal, or not, and then completed a goal-relevant task on which they succeeded or failed. We then measure...