The gravity method is a nondestructive geophysical technique that measures differences in the earth’s gravitational field at specific locations. It has found numerous applications in engineering and environmental studies including locating voids and karst features, buried stream valleys, water table levels and the determination of soil layer thickness. The success of the gravity method depends ...

The loop representation of quantum gravity has many formal resemblances to a background-free string theory. In fact, its origins lie in attempts to treat the string theory of hadrons as an approximation to QCD, in which the strings represent flux tubes of the gauge field. A heuristic path-integral approach indicates a duality between background-free string theories and generally covariant gauge...

On the basis of homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) geometry, solutions to issues cosmic acceleration dark energy are being put forth within context $f\left( Q\right)$ gravity. We take into account a power law $f(Q)$ model using Q\right) =\alpha Q^{n}$, where $\alpha $ $n$ free parameters. In current scenario, we may establish density pressure for our by applyin...

For a market with an atomless continuum of assets, we formulate the intuitive idea of a ‘‘well-diversified’’ portfolio, and present a notion of ‘‘exact arbitrage’’, strictly weaker than the more conventional notion of ‘‘asymptotic arbitrage’’, and necessary and sufficient for the validity of an APT pricing formula. Our formula involves ‘‘essential’’ risk, one based on a specific index portfolio...