Due to the explosive growth trend of cross-border e-commerce, a series problems such as high transportation costs and insufficient publicity are be solved urgently by researching on supply chain from both decision-making coordination perspectives. Under four-incomplete cooperative Stackelberg modes e-commerce members, cost overseas suppliers promotion strategy domestic retailers determine profi...

The frame work of international cooperative work was discussed toward the solution current problems of the leprosy on the view point of researcher involved in fundamental study. Prevention of further reduction of research activity was stressed.

Influenza pandemics present a global threat owing to their potential mortality and substantial economic impacts. Stockpiling antiviral drugs to manage a pandemic is an effective strategy to offset their negative impacts; however, little is known about the long-term optimal size of the stockpile under uncertainty and the characteristics of different countries. Using an epidemic-economic model we...

The article explores the ideas of Pan American Health Organization director Abraham Horwitz on the relations between health and development at the time the Alliance for Progress was established, in 1961. Taking development discourse as a public philosophy of international cooperation, the discussion centers on how Horwitz worked to mediate between health and development. Horwitz endeavored to e...

Modern businesses face increased levels of competitive pressure, and the IT sector is going through a period of rapid change. The past two decades have seen a steady evolution of approaches to planning and managing IT services. Two approaches that have emerged in different eras are IS Strategic Planning (ISSP) and Enterprise Architectural Practice (EAP). Despite the apparent similarities betwee...

Acommon thread in the economic sanctions literature is the assumption that multilateral cooperation among the potential sanctioning states is a necessary and/or sufficient condition for generating a successful outcome.1 Indeed, obtaining multilateral cooperation is so important that some scholars make this their dependent variable. Some of the more sophisticated work on economic coercion has fo...

Cooperation is vital for maintaining the integrity of complex life forms. In many cases in nature cooperation manifests itself through constituent parts performing different, but complementary, functions. The vast majority of studies on the evolution of cooperation, however, look only at the special case in which cooperation manifests itself via the constituent parts performing identical tasks....

The property right of small water conservancy projects (hereinafter referred to as SWCP) currently can be defined three different forms: public rights, private and a combination rights. main participants are the government, farmers, other organizations. interests demands subjects different, so rights structure SWCPs also different. In order explore evolutionary law in case conflicting multiple ...

International cooperation is an integral part of furthering medical and scientific progress. Many specilist societies exist for that purpose and have written into their constitutions that such cooperation and coordination is their aim. They hope to achieve their aims by exchange, in all languages, of information and by so doing strengthen the relations between individual physicians and scentist...