background: sequence variations in glycoproteins of influenza virus surface impel us to design new candidate vaccines yearly. ectodomain of influenza m2 protein is a surface and highly conserved protein. m2e in influenza vaccines may eliminate the need for changing vaccine formulation every year. objectives: in this study, a recombinant baculovirus containing m2e and cholera toxin subunit b fus...

systemic sclerosis is a generalized disorder of connective tissue clinically characterized by thickening and fibrosis of the skin and by distinctive forms of involvement of internal organs. one of the hallmarks of systemic sclerosis is the presence of serum autoantibodies against a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. the primary purpose of this study was to identify the autoantibodies ...

Introduction Indirect immunofluorescence remains the gold standard method for the detection of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA). A recommended method for detection of ANCA by indirect immunofluorescence was described in the First International Workshop on ANCA in 1988 and the approach described here is based on that method.' Increasingly, solid phase assays (enzyme linked immunosorbent ...

Three types of microbead calibrators available for quantitative fluorescence flow cytometry have been studied in parallel using a variety of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The QIFI kit is designed for indirect immunofluorescence (IF), and both the Quantum Simply Cellular (QSC) assay and the Quanti-BRITE assay are designed for direct IF. Because of the different nature of the respective ligands,...

IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). To provide an expanded immunologic view of circulating ANAs in lupus patients, we compared the expressions of IgG, IgM, and IgA ANAs in DLE and SLE patients. In this cross-sectional study, sera from age-, gender-, and ethnic-matched SL...

Background: Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) is used as a screening test for autoimmune diseases as well as being utilized for diagnostic and classification purposes. As a gold standard for ANA, manual indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) technique is used; although it has high sensitivity, it is timeconsuming and requires skilled operators. For ANA tests, clinical and research laboratories mainly use ...