OBJECTIVES To explore systematically the care seeking trajectories of tuberculosis (TB) cases up to four subsequent places of care and to assess the type of services provided at each place. METHODS TB cases detected actively during the 2007-2009 national TB prevalence survey and passively under the routine programme in the same period were interviewed by administering a standardised questionn...

The involvement of governments in the home care sector strongly varies across Europe. This study aims to explain the differences through the conditions for the involvement of informal care and governments in society; wealth and the demographic structure. As this study could combine qualitative data and quantitative data analyses, it could consider larger patterns than previous studies which wer...

BACKGROUND There has been a relative lack of research examing the distribution of care to elderly dependent people in Spain. The aim of this paper is to analyse how formal and informal care is provided to elderly dependent people in Spain and to assess the socio-economic conditions in which the different kinds of care emerge. METHODS This study is based on a sample of the elderly dependent po...

Older people have been identified as being at risk of social exclusion. However, despite the fact that care is commonly required in later life and the majority of that care is provided by informal carers, a connection between social exclusion and informal care-receipt has rarely been considered. The aim of this study was to examine how informal care-receipt is related to social exclusion. A fac...

Ethnographic and qualitative research have documented strategic behavior among low-income parents in response to child support and welfare policy, including the acceptance of ’under-the-table’ child support payments and noncooperation with child support authorities. In particular, low-income parents of children on welfare have an incentive to avoid the formal child support system, since most st...

BACKGROUND In Kenya, where 60 to 80% of the urban residents live in informal settlements (frequently referred to as slums), out-of-pocket (OOP) payments account for more than a third of national health expenditures. However, little is known on the extent to which these OOP payments are associated with personal or household financial catastrophe in the slums. This paper seeks to examine the inci...

We study security-bid auctions in which bidders compete for an asset by bidding with securities whose payments are contingent on the asset’s realized value. In formal security-bid auctions, the seller restricts the security design to an ordered set and uses a standard auction format (e.g., first or secondprice). In informal settings, bidders offer arbitrary securities and the seller chooses the...