We propose an integrated theoretical framework that captures preferences for acquiring or avoiding information as well as preferences for exposure to uncertainty (i.e., risk or ambiguity) by allowing utility to depend not just on material payoffs but also on beliefs and the attention devoted to them. We use this framework to introduce the concept of an information gap – a specific uncertainty t...

We propose a theory of feelings about uncertainty that has implications for preferences about acquiring or avoiding information as well as for preferences about exposure to uncertainty (i.e., risk or ambiguity). Our theoretical framework allows utility to depend not just on material payoffs but also on beliefs and the attention devoted to them. We use this framework to introduce the concept of ...

in order to study the effect of canopy gap size on species diversity and composition in mixed stands, a reserved area which located in asalem forests was selected. all of gaps in this area identified and were divided into four categories: small gaps (1000 m2). in each category, 21 of gaps with a relatively homogeneous in terms of an aspect and slope were selected. the major and minor diameter o...

Texts are replete with gaps, information omitted since authors assume a certain amount of background knowledge. We define the process of enrichment that fills these gaps. We describe how enrichment can be performed using a Background Knowledge Base built from a large corpus. We evaluate the effectiveness of various openly available background knowledge bases and we identify the kind of informat...

Texts are replete with gaps, information omitted since authors assume a certain amount of background knowledge. We describe the kind of information (the formalism and methods to derive the content) useful for automated filling of such gaps. We describe a stepwise procedure with a detailed example.

Many countries are not able to manage their water resources to sustainably meet current and future demands because they lack a comprehensive assessment of the quality and availability of their resources. The need for comprehensive assessments is well recognized, but often the required information is unavailable owing to gaps in hydrological information and understanding. These gaps are particul...

Graphical User Interface (GUI) APplications (GAPs) are ubiquitous and provide various services. Since many GAPs are not designed to exchange information (i.e., interoperate), companies replace legacy GAPs with web services, that are designed to interoperate over the Internet. However, it is laborious and inefficient to create unit test cases to test the web services. We propose a novel approach...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect using gap task opinion, reasoning and information on speaking skills at secondary school level. This used a quasi-experimental research method involving 352 students. three experimental groups received treatment with gaps in reasoning, tasks. All were examined for their initial ability. group given an intervention while control traditional imp...