Many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in camelid practice can be accomplished with physical and/or chemical restraint techniques. Anesthesia should be considered for procedures that require an extended period of immobility or high level of analgesia. Certain aspects of anesthesia place the patient at greater risk than chemical restraint techniques. Knowledge and vigilance reduce the additi...

Drug is an important and strategic commodity and a basic need of the people in all countries. The aim of this study is to determine the drug use patterns and descriptive analysis of prescriptions of doctors in Ardabil city of Iran. A retrospective study was carried out on 2000 randomly-selected prescriptions. Data were obtained on demographics, prescribing indexes and analyzed by descriptive st...

Priapism can be associated with sickle cell anemia, perineal trauma, leukemia, and other neoplasms (1,2). It can also be associated with the use of systemic or intracorporeal vasoactive agents and antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, and recreational drugs (4). Although typical antipsychotics are thought to be related to priapism, there are some case reports on the relationship b...

The efficacy of cancer drugs is often compromised due to the existence of biological barriers such as nonspecific distribution, hemorheological flow limitation and endothelial extravasation, impaired delivery across tumor cell membranes and tissue, and multidrug resistance. To overcome these obstacles, Xu et al developed an injectable nanoparticle generator platform to negotiate with the biolog...

The unique properties of nanomaterials related to structural stability and quantum-scale reactive properties open up a world of possibilities that could be exploited to design and to target drug delivery or create truly microscale biological sensors for veterinary applications. We developed cost-saving and solvent-free nanoemulsions. Formulated with a low-energy method, these nanoemulsions can ...

Prohibition of illegal drugs is a failed social policy and new models of regulation of these substances are needed. This paper explores a proposal for a post-prohibition, public health based model for the regulation of the most problematic drugs, the smokable and injectable stimulants. The literature on stimulant maintenance is explored. Seven foundational principles are suggested that could su...

BACKGROUND Despite evidence of the effectiveness of injectable opioid treatment compared with oral methadone for chronic heroin addiction, the additional cost of injectable treatment is considerable, and cost-effectiveness uncertain. AIMS To compare the cost-effectiveness of supervised injectable heroin and injectable methadone with optimised oral methadone for chronic refractory heroin addic...

The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last 20 years. All immunotherapeutic drugs target relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and it still remains a medical challenge in MS to develop a treatment for progressive forms. The most common injectable disease-modifying therapies in RRMS include β-interferons 1a or 1b and glatiramer acetate. However, one of the major challenges of inje...

A study was conducted in a feedlot in Alberta, Canada, to compare the clinical efficacy of a single injection of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile injectable suspension with three daily treatments of ceftiofur sodium sterile powder for the treatment of footrot. Use of a long-acting antimicrobial to treat footrot would reduce labor costs and hospital pen space requirements during high-risk...