Studies of transcription by RNA polymerase II have revealed two promoter elements, the TATA motif and the initiator (Inr), capable of directing specific transcription initiation. Although binding to the TATA motif by one of the components of the transcription machinery has been shown to be the initial recognition step in transcription complex formation, many promoters that lack a traditional TA...

The FDA has become aware of performance problems associated with point of care (POC) Prothrombin Time (PT)/International Normalized Ratio (INR) devices that raise patient safety concerns. Numerous reports of serious adverse events for POC PT/INR devices have been submitted to the FDA. The FDA’s postmarket analysis of these reports indicates that the adverse events appear to be linked to inaccur...

Case Presentation: A 74-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with bruising. She takes warfarin for atrial fibrillation. She has recently begun taking trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. Her international normalized ratio (INR) is reported as 8.6. Supratherapeutic INR values are common in warfarin-treated patients. In this case, the antibiotic is the likely cause, but it is not unusua...

BACKGROUND Safety of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in conditions of periprocedural therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) in combination with heparin is still uncertain, and little is known about the pre-procedural therapeutic INR influence on bleeding complications (BC) in this method. METHODS AND RESULTS The subjects were 150 consecutive patients who underwent catheter ablatio...

A transcriptional initiator (Inr) for mammalian RNA polymerase II can be defined as a DNA sequence element that overlaps a transcription start site and is sufficient for (i) determining the start site location in a promoter that lacks a TATA box and (ii) enhancing the strength of a promoter that contains a TATA box. We have prepared synthetic promoters containing random nucleotides downstream o...

BACKGROUND Measurement of the international normalised ratio (INR) is essential in the management of patients on long-term warfarin therapy. The CoaguChek XS portable coagulometer is a point-of-care test for INR measurement. It offers the advantage of improved patient accessibility, particularly in peripheral clinics. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical utility of the CoaguChek XS for monitor...

Thrombotic disorders increase the risk of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular complications and represent a major health problem worldwide. Anticoagulants are extensively used in treatment of these disorders. Vitamin K antagonists, like Warfarin, are frequently used in medication. Vascular calcification (VC) is a significant side-effect of vitamin K antagonists especially Warfarin. There is an urgen...

OBJECTIVE To determine optimal intensity of international normalized ratio (INR) of warfarin therapy for the prevention of ischemic events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), we evaluated the risk of severe recurrent stroke, systemic embolism and major hemorrhagic complications according to INR and age. METHODS We carried out the National Cardiovascular Center (NCVC) NVA...

BACKGROUND We investigated changes in the International Normalized Ratio (INR) and its measurement interval in patients with thromboembolic events who were treated by low intensity anticoagulation therapy after isolated mechanical aortic valve replacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-seven patients who underwent surgery from June 1990 to September 2006 were enrolled in the study and observe...

A high prevalence of genetic polymorphisms increases sensitivity to warfarin therapy. In this study, we investigated 47 patients with effective long-term therapy by warfarin well-controlled by monitoring of International Normalised Ratio (INR). All patients were tested for gene polymorphisms VKORC1, CYP2C9*C2, and CYP2C9*C3, which were used for a dose calculation employing a program www.Warfari...