polypeptides that act as endocrine mediators of growth hormone (GH)-induced actions. They also function in a paracrine and autocrine manner to regulate cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and transformation. The IGF system is a complex network comprised of two growth factors (IGF-I and -II), cell surface receptors (IGF-IR and -IIR), high affinity binding proteins (IGFBP), IGFBP proteases as...

GH and IGF-I are important regulators of bone homeostasis and are central to the achievement of normal longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. Although GH may act directly on skeletal cells, most of its effects are mediated by IGF-I, which is present in the systemic circulation and is synthesized by peripheral tissues. The availability of IGF-I is regulated by IGF binding proteins. IGF-I enhanc...

velopmental patterns have therefore been at the top of the list of priorities. The field of experimental embryology took off in the early 1960s when Krystof Tarkowski [86] and Beatrice Mintz [59] succeeded in fusing genetically distinct 8-cell embryos into stable chimaeras. In 1968 Richard Gardner [28] was able to show that by moving the inner celt mass from one embryo to anotherachimaera could...

Abstract Human insulin-like growth factor I (hIGF-I) is a kind of growth factor with clinical significance in medicine. The major objective of this study is over- production of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I( rhIGF-I) through a developed process by recruiting effective factors in order to achieve the most recombinant protein. Up to now E. coli expression system has been widely us...

Abstract Human insulin-like growth factor I (hIGF-I) is a kind of growth factor with clinical significance in medicine. The major objective of this study is over- production of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I( rhIGF-I) through a developed process by recruiting effective factors in order to achieve the most recombinant protein. Up to now E. coli expression system has been widely us...

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk of developing cancer. This evidence arises from numerous epidemiologic studies that relate a positive association between T2D and cancer. In-vitro and several in-vivo experiments have attempted to discern the potential mechanistic factors involved in this relationship. Candidates include hyperinsulinemia, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IG...

Growth factors regulated by specific macronutrients have been shown to promote aging and accelerate mortality in the majority of the organisms studied. In particular, the enzymes activated by growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in mammals and their orthologs in simple model organisms represent perhaps the best-understood proteins involved in the aging process. Dietary rest...