Statistical learning (SL) studies have shown that participants are able to extract regularities in input they are exposed to without any instruction to do so. This and other findings, such as the fact that participants are often unable to verbalize their acquired knowledge, suggest that SL can occur implicitly or incidentally. Interestingly, several studies using the related paradigms of artifi...

For decades, implicit learning researchers have examined a variety of cognitive tasks in which humans seem to automatically extract structure from the environment. Similarly, statistical learning studies have shown that humans can use repeated co-occurrence of words and referents to build lexicons from individually ambiguous experiences (Yu & Smith, 2007). In light of this, the goal of the pres...

IT security incidents are increasing nearly exponentially. With this increase, the importance of data accessibility, confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity grows. IT-based learning systems are especially endangered through intentional destructive actions. A basic condition to guarantee the security of personal data is the compliance with national laws and international regulations, especi...

In real-world auditory environments, humans are exposed to overlapping auditory information such as those made by human voices and musical instruments even during routine physical activities such as walking and cycling. The present study investigated how concurrent physical exercise affects performance of incidental and intentional learning of overlapping auditory streams, and whether physical ...

The statistical regularities of a sequence of visual shapes can be learned incidentally. Arciuli et al. (2014) recently argued that intentional instructions only improve learning at slow presentation rates as they favor the use of explicit strategies. The aim of the present study was (1) to test this assumption directly by investigating how instructions (incidental vs. intentional) and presenta...

Neuroimaging of healthy volunteers identified separate neural systems supporting the expression of category knowledge depending on whether the learning mode was intentional or incidental. The same visual category was learned either intentionally or implicitly by two separate groupsof participants. During a categorization test, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare bra...