Larval helminths often share individual intermediate hosts with other larval worms of the same or different species. In the case of immature acanthocephalans capable of altering the phenotype of their intermediate hosts, the benefits or costs of host sharing can be evaluated in terms of increased or decreased probability of transmission to a suitable definitive host. Competitive interactions am...

Brachylaima cribbi is a terrestrial trematode of birds and mammals with helicid and hygromiid land snails reported as first and second intermediate hosts. However, reports describing the first intermediate host range of B. cribbi have been limited to those snail species present in a small number of geographical locations in South Australia. The natural first intermediate host range, distributio...

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is a zoonotic helminth with life cycle that include of definitive hosts (dogs and wild carnivores) intermediate (usually the even-toed ungulates, Artiodactyla). Intermediate become infected by ingesting parasite eggs in contaminated food water. Accidental acquire infection similar way as other hosts. A two-year-old female cat was presented to Van (Turkey) Anim...

Parasitic worms (helminths) frequently have complex life cycles in which they are transmitted trophically between two or more successive hosts. Sexual reproduction often takes place in high trophic-level (TL) vertebrates, where parasites can grow to large sizes with high fecundity. Direct infection of high TL hosts, while advantageous, may be unachievable for parasites constrained to transmit t...

hymenolepis diminuta is a cestode frequently found in rodents and humans. species of flour moths of the genus pyralis and bee­tles in the genus tribolium are common intermediate hosts. humans can be accidentally infected through the ingestion of the insects, including larvae in precooked cereals, dried fruits or other food items, and directly by ingesting the insects from the environment. this ...