Research on change processes is needed to help explain how psychotherapy produces change. To explain processes of change it will be important to measure three types of outcomes—immediate, intermediate, and final—and three levels of process—speech act, episode, and relationship. Emphasis will need to be placed on specifying different types of in-session change episodes and the intermediate outco...

BACKGROUND An intermediate endpoint is hypothesized to be in the middle of the causal sequence relating an independent variable to a dependent variable. The intermediate variable is also called a surrogate or mediating variable and the corresponding effect is called the mediated, surrogate endpoint, or intermediate endpoint effect. Clinical studies are often designed to change an intermediate o...

This study investigated the effectiveness of colligational corpus-based instruction on enhancing the pragmalinguistic knowledge of speech act of request among Iranian intermediate EFL learners. The objective of the study was to find out whether or not providing students with corpora through using colligational instruction had any significant effects on enhancing their pragmalinguistic knowledge...

This study investigated the effect of role play on improving speaking ability of Iranian pre-intermediate ESP learners. To this aim, the researchers examined the students’ speaking ability in two groups: the experimental and the control groups.24 males and femaleESPlearners at pre-intermediate level were selected by taking a pre-test. Then the participants of the current study were randomlydivi...

as many scholars believe, teaching persian language, that as the second language in the muslim world, is a window for knowing and understanding the culture and civilization of iran, requires specialized curriculum development. this research is aimed to present the reading comprehension skill for upper-intermediate learners in the field of islamic sciences on the basis of task-based approach and...

given the fact that developing an intimate relationship between teacher and students creates a safe learning environment (harran, 2006), and because teacher immediacy is proved to increase students’ motivation for learning (velez & cano, 2008), this study was an attempt to explore the relationship between iranian efl learners’ perceived teacher immediacy and their willingness to communicate...

Given 2 homotopic curves in a topological space, there are several ways to measure similarity between the curves, including Hausdorff distance and Fréchet distance. In this paper, we examine a different measure of similarity which considers the family of curves represented in the homotopy between the curves, and measures the longest such curve, known as the height of the homotopy. In other word...

One framework for probabilistic image registration involves assigning probability distributions over spatial transformations (e.g. distributions over displacement vectors at each voxel). In this paper, we propose an uncertainty measure for these distributions that examines the actual spatial displacements, thus departing from the classical Shannon entropy-based measures, which examine only the ...

This study sought to explore the possible relationship between reading anxiety and reading proficiency and also between reading anxiety and language learners’ use of reading strategies. The majority of studies on language anxiety have been quantitative to date. This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was quantitative, and the second consisted of a series of case studies using in...