typed double-spaced (including references) with conventional margins. The overall length is limited to five manuscript pages, including not more than one figure or one table. To the Editor: Ionized calcium is now the measurement of choice for evaluating calcium metabolic diseases (1, 2). Ionized calcium may be reported either as the actual ionized calcium, referred to the actual pH of the patie...

Lithium niobate crystal surfaces become superhydrophilic after ultraviolet laser irradiation. The crystal surface hydrophilicity, which was assessed by the contact angle of a sessile drop of de-ionized water, was found to undergo a transition from mildly hydrophobic contact angle E 50° to a superhydrophilic state E 5° . Patterning of the hydrophilicity at the micron and submicron ranges has bee...

The 2.1-A resolution crystal structure of wild-type green fluorescent protein and comparison of it with the recently determined structure of the Ser-65 --> Thr (S65T) mutant explains the dual wavelength absorption and photoisomerization properties of the wild-type protein. The two absorption maxima are caused by a change in the ionization state of the chromophore. The equilibrium between these ...

Virus removal efficiency is described for three types of silver-impregnated, ceramic water filters (CWFs) produced in Cambodia. The tests were completed using freshly scrubbed filters and de-ionized (DI) water as an evaluation of the removal efficiency of the virus in isolation with no other interacting water quality variables. Removal efficiencies between 0.21 and 0.45 log are evidenced, which...

The success of aquacultural production depends to a large extent on the water quality parameters. Maintaining water quality of aquacultural systems through adequate monitoring is paramount for increasing production. However, the cost of laboratory analysis involved discourages farmers from proper water quality monitoring, hence the deterioration of the fish environment and subsequent decrease i...

keto-enol tautomerism was investigated for ionized pyruvic acid using the dft(b3lyp) method and the larger basis sets [6-31++g(d,p), 6-311++g(3df, 3pd) and aug-cc-pvdz]. change of the tautomeric preference was observed when going from the neutral to ionized tautomeric mixture. ionization favors the enolization process (ketoenol) of pyruvic acid, whereas the ketonization (ketoenol) is preferred ...

Keto-enol tautomerism was investigated for ionized pyruvic acid using the DFT(B3LYP) method and the larger basis sets [6-31++G(d,p), 6-311++G(3df, 3pd) and aug-cc-pVDZ]. Change of the tautomeric preference was observed when going from the neutral to ionized tautomeric mixture. Ionization favors the enolization process (ketoenol) of pyruvic acid, whereas the ketonization (ketoenol) is preferred ...