This review describes some current and future approaches designed to modulate the response of tumors and normal tissues to cell killing by ionizing radiation. The emerging knowledge of tumor, cellular and molecular biology is providing a better understanding of the clinical results with the hypoxic cell sensitizers and novel approaches to radiation sensitization and protection.

the space environment consists mainly of high-energy charged particles, such as protons, electrons and heavy ions. they are originating from several sources including galactic cosmic radiation, solar flares and van allen belts. high energy electromagnetic radiation and neutrons have also been measured on spacecraft. although shielding can reduce the effect of space radiation it cannot be elimin...

exposure to radiation from different types of television sets was measured to ascertain the levels of hazards posed to the human biological system. measurement of the annual radiation dose hazards was performed using a halogen-quenched gm tube with thin mica end window having a density of 1.5 mg/cm2, effective window diameter of 0.360 inch and side wall of 0.012 inch thick. the gm tube was plac...

Bone loss caused by ionizing radiation is a potential health concern for radiotherapy patients, radiation workers and astronauts. In animal studies, exposure to ionizing radiation increases oxidative damage in skeletal tissues, and results in an imbalance in bone remodeling initiated by increased bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Therefore, we evaluated various candidate interventions with antioxidan...

Introduction: The effects of the low dose of ionizing radiation are not thoroughly evident due to an unavoidable increase of occupational exposure and the widespread application of ionizing radiation in medical and industrial fields. The aim of this study was to investigate immune system responses following the low doses of ionizing radiation. Materia...

The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (Atm) protein kinase is a central regulator of the cellular response to DNA damage. Although Atm can regulate p53, it is not known if this Atm function varies between tissues. Previous studies showed that the induction of p53 and apoptosis by whole-body ionizing radiation varies greatly between tissue and tumor types, so here we asked if Atm also had a tissue-s...

The hazard of ionizing radiation from internally administered colloidal thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) has been a subject of controversy even since this medium was first employed in clinical roentgenology. Reports of neoplasia as well as diffuse hepatic fibrosis occurring in patients following Thorotrast administration have been summarized and evaluated by Thomas et al.7 Although intravenous inje...

background: although ionizing radiation is widely used to diagnose many diseases, the relevant hazards are known to be as an important limitation of its application. it is believed that the awareness of ionizing radiation dose values is one of the main stages in patient's radiation protection. the purpose of this study has been to investigate the level of physicians' knowledge about r...

Preferentially delivering ionizing radiation to target tissues during radiotherapy procedures is investigated using internal radiation-generating devices and microspheres loaded with radioactive material. This chapter presumes the existence of internal radiation-generating devices and develops their requisite characteristics to permit the selective irradiation of tumors. The feasibility of disr...