[1] Recent progress in high‐precision GPS measurements research and applications leads to the study of higher‐order ionosphere effects on GPS signal propagation. This paper focuses on second‐order ionospheric effects, which are influenced by the presence of the Earth’s magnetic field. Due to the presence of Earth’s magnetic field, GPS signals may propagate through the ionosphere in two distinct...

High frequency Doppler observations of the ionosphere began in August of 1957 in Kyoto. The number of the observation points worldwide were about 40 in 1980 and are about 20 at present. By this method the movement of the ionosphere ref lection height and electron density below the height can be observed. Such variations are occurred by a wide variety of sources.

The ionosphere is about 60-1000 km above the earth’s surface, which is actually plasma of ionized gas of the upper atmosphere by solar radiation and high-energy particles from the Sun. The ionized electrons concentrations change with height above earth’s surface, location, time of the day, season, and amount of solar activity. The total electron content (TEC) and electron density profiles are t...

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) a joint project of URSI and COSPAR is the defacto standard for a climatological specification of ionospheric parameters. IRI is based on a wide range of ground and space data and has been steadily improved since its inception in 1969 with the ever-increasing volume of ionospheric data and with better mathematical descriptions of the observed global a...

The natural phenomenon that most significantly affects GNSS positioning accuracy is the ionosphere. The GNSS satellite signals interact with free electrons along the propagation path to the receiver, leading to a group delay and phase advance proportional to the Total Electron Content (TEC). These refractive effects cause errors in the satellite range measurements which, if uncorrected, degrade...

Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions involve electric currents that circulate between the two regions; the associated Lorentz forces, existing in both regions as matched opposite pairs, are generally viewed as the primary mechanism by which linear momentum, derived ultimately from solar wind flow, is transferred from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere, where it is further transferred by colli...

Wideband signals show promise for Galileo development and GPS modernization because they provide sharper correlation peaks and thus more accuracy. For instance, the Galileo E5 signal occupies the frequency band from 1164 MHz to 1215 MHz, over 25 times the two-sided bandwidth of the GPS C/A code. However, because the ionosphere is dispersive, different frequency components in the wideband spectr...

Remote sensing of the ionosphere bottom using long wave radio signal propagation is a still going stro g and inexpensive method for continuous monitoring purposes. We present a propagation model describing the time development of solar flare effects. Based on monitored amplitude and phase data from VLF/LF transmitters gained at a mid-latitude site during the currently increasing solar cycle no....

A penetration of electric and magnetic fields of the first global electromagnetic ELF resonance into the ionosphere in the cavity Earth-ionosphere is investigated numerically. It is shown that a penetration height for magnetic components is 2–3 times greater than for electric components and it depends essentially on the value of the geomagnetic field and its orientation with respect to the norm...

In the presentation the most important proprieties of the radio wave propagation in the ionosphere are explained and its impact on the high performance radio transmissions is discussed. The principles of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is explained and new digital radio system based on this principle is presented. Then some experimental data registered in Cracow in Poland are sho...