On April 1, 2003, we published a set of contingent predictions about the likely length of the U.S.–Iraq war that began on March 19, 2003. The predictions were made by applying the statistical model of war duration developed in Bennett and Stam (1996). In this article, we assess the accuracy of our (then) forecast, and then present new predictions from the model about the expected length of a pu...

this essay with a historical look reviews the use of chemical weapons in the world wars i and ii and other limited wars before this imposed war against iran. then, it explains the international regulations on prohibition and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. regarding iran-iraq war, the use of these weapons against iranian military forces and civilians as well as iraqi people is discussed....

The intensity of the conflict such as war is one of the determinants of the flow of migrants and refuges with consequence of introducing infectious disease to other countries. This paper investigates the relationship between malaria incidence and forced immigration due to war from neighboring countries in Dezful district, southwestern Iran. All available data and accessible archived documentary...

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BACKGROUND Upper limb amputations are one of the unpleasant war injuries that armed forces are exposed to frequently. The present study aimed to assess the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems in Iraq-Iran war veterans with bilateral upper extremity amputation. METHODS The study consisted of taking a history and clinical examinations including demographic data, presence and location...

This paper addresses the post-war reconstruction experience of Qasr-e-Shirin, Iran, in the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). Compared with the war-damaged cities in southwest Iran, western cities such as Qasr-e-Shirin lack a post-war reconstruction assessment and documentation. With an objective view, the author aims at documenting the situation of the city almost thirty years after i...

BACKGROUND Differences in the characteristics and mental health needs of female veterans of the Iraq/Afghanistan war compared with those of veterans of other wars may have useful implications for VA program and treatment planning. METHODS Female veterans reporting service in the Iraq/Afghanistan war were compared with women reporting service in the Persian Gulf and Vietnam wars and to men rep...