Millions of people witnessed early, repeated television coverage of the September 11 (9/11), 2001, terrorist attacks and were subsequently exposed to graphic media images of the Iraq War. In the present study, we examined psychological- and physical-health impacts of exposure to these collective traumas. A U.S. national sample (N = 2,189) completed Web-based surveys 1 to 3 weeks after 9/11; a s...

OBJECTIVE Studies of soldiers from prior wars conducted many years after combat have shown associations between combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and physical health problems. The current Iraq war has posed a considerable PTSD risk, but the association with physical health has not been well studied. METHOD The authors studied 2,863 soldiers using standardized self-administer...

This study aims to achieve a semiotic understanding of collective memory of the Iran-Iraq war. For this purpose, samples of images in virtual social networks shared in response to the news of discovery and return of the bodies of more than 175 divers have been analyzed. Visual signs in photographs, cartoons, graphic designs, prints, paintings and posters, in methods of historical pictures and f...

the relation of diplomacy and military strategy or the relation of politicians and military officials and their effect on different decisions relating to the war has been one of the debateful issues regarding the iran-iraq war. the writer has discussed some issues related to 598 resolution and iran's diplomacy weaknesses during the war.

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background: iraq fought three wars in three consecutive decades, iran-iraq war (1980-1988), persian gulf war in 1991, and the iraq’s war in 2003. in the nineties of the last century and up to the present time, there have been anecdotal reports of increase in cancer in ninawa as in all provinces of iraq, possibly as a result of exposure to depleted uranium used by american troops in the last t...

Tens of thousands of Iranians were killed and more were physically and/or mentally injured in Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). During this war the most extensive use of chemical weapons in recent years by Iraq was reported against Iranian veterans and also Iranian and Iraqi civilians. In this study we aimed at finding probable neuropsychological injuries in victims of chemical weapons comparing other...

Tens of thousands of Iranians were killed and more were physically and/or mentally injured in Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). During this war the most extensive use of chemical weapons in recent years by Iraq was reported against Iranian veterans and also Iranian and Iraqi civilians. In this study we aimed at finding probable neuropsychological injuries in victims of chemical weapons comparing other...

The present study evaluated the impact of combat and interpersonal trauma exposure in a sample of 115 U.S. women veterans from Gulf War I and the Iraq and Afghanistan wars on 3 postdeployment trauma-related mental health outcomes: posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PSS), depressive symptom severity (DSS), and alcohol misuse. Patients presenting for healthcare services at a Veterans Affairs...

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is reported to be caused by traumatic events that are outside the range of usual human experience including (but not limited to) military combat, violent personal assault, being kidnapped or taken hostage and terrorist attacks. Initial data suggests that at least 1 out of 6 Iraq War veterans are exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD. Virtual R...