Any firm whose business strategy has an exposure constraint that limits its potential gain naturally considers expansion, as this can increase exposure. We model expansion enlargement of the opportunity set for policies. However, is irreversible and cost attached. use expected optimization utility to formulate a novel stochastic control problem combined with optimal stopping time, we derive exp...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) consists of a two-steps process involving a primary mechanical injury followed by an inflammatory process and apoptosis. Secondary insult is characterized by further destruction of neuronal and glial cells, and leads to expansion of the damage, so that the paralysis can extend to higher segments. With the identification of mechanisms that either promote or prevent neuro...

We consider Markovian dynamics modeling open mesoscopic systems which are driven away from detailed balance by a nonconservative force. A systematic expansion is obtained of the stationary distribution around an equilibrium reference, in orders of the nonequilibrium forcing. The first order around equilibrium has been known since the work of McLennan (1959), and involves the transient irreversi...

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems are a readily available technology to convert thermal energy from renewable- and waste heat sources into electricity. However, their performance is relatively low due the temperature of sources, but more importantly, efficiency employed expander. Designing turboexpander exceptionally challenging, because flow field highly supersonic unsteady, since expansion ...

Infrastructure facilities are generally heavy, fixed, and normally irreversible once construction has been completed. As existing facilities, they may confront economic competition of an increased space demand and the need for future expansion. Due to economic-based irreversibility, the expansion of a constructed facility requires the foundation and, to a lesser degree, columns to be enhanced a...

introduction: effective post-operative pain management is one of the problems following root canal treatment. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are the most commonly prescribed analgesics in endodontics. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of naproxen in controlling pain following root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. materials and methods: th...

introduction : achieving successful anesthesia and performing pain-free root canal treatment are important aims in dentistry. this is not always achievable and therefore, practitioners are constantly seeking newer techniques, equipments, and anesthetic solutions for this very purpose. the aim of this review is to introduce strategies to achieve profound anesthesia particularly in difficult case...