The research and development costs of 106 randomly selected new drugs were obtained from a survey of 10 pharmaceutical firms. These data were used to estimate the average pre-tax cost of new drug and biologics development. The costs of compounds abandoned during testing were linked to the costs of compounds that obtained marketing approval. The estimated average out-of-pocket cost per approved ...

AIMS The objective of this study was to estimate the social cost of the consumption of illegal drugs in Spain. DESIGN We performed a cost-of-illness study, using a prevalence approximation and a societal perspective. The estimation of costs and consequences referred to 1997. As direct costs we included health-care costs, prevention, continuing education, research, administrative costs, non-go...

BACKGROUND Between April 2001 and March 2004, the Directly Observed Therapy-Short course (DOTS) program was successfully implemented by the National Tuberculosis control program, with assistance from the Canadian Lung Association, in three provinces of Ecuador, where 52% of the population of the country reside. METHODS Markov modelling was used to project TB-related morbidity, mortality and c...

The research and development costs of 68 randomly selected new drugs were obtained from a survey of 10 pharmaceutical firms. These data were used to estimate the average pre-tax cost of new drug development. The costs of compounds abandoned during testing were linked to the costs of compounds that obtained marketing approval. The estimated average out-of-pocket cost per new drug is 403 million ...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the medical and compensation costs of work-related injuries in insured workplaces in Lebanon and to examine cost distributions by worker and injury characteristics. METHODS A total of 3748 claims for work injuries processed in 1998 by five major insurance companies in Lebanon were reviewed. Medical costs (related to emergency room fees, physician consultations, tests, an...

Using survey data and an equilibrium displacement model, we estimate the market and economic impacts of the American Forest and Paper Association’s Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) on stumpage markets in the US South. We examine four timber product markets: softwood pulpwood, softwood sawtimber, hardwood pulpwood, and hardwood sawtimber. In each market we calculate changes in producer and ...

I n the Presidential Address in June of 1998 (1), I proudly announced that the recently adopted Five Year Plan of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) contained the goal of allocating one of every three dollars of total public support to research awards and grants by the end of five years. I pledged to keep the members of the Professional Section apprised of our progress toward that goal. Th...

The national forest sector: context and issues Productive closed forests on drained land in Cameroon cover about 17.5 million hectares (Eba’a Atyi 1998). A zoning plan drafted in 1993 divided the national territory into a permanent forest domain (PFD) and a non-permanent forest domain (NPFD). The bulk of annual timber production is harvested in about 100 Forest Management Units (FMU) inside the...