the role of distance as border effects between trade partners has been created challengeable discussions in gravity model literature for international economists and lead to different theoretical aspects for measuring and modeling of it in recent years. moreover, the necessity of non-linear method for estimation of gravity model has been perfectly agreed. the importance of this study is the est...

This paper investigates how the environmental pollution in East Asian countries can be affected by trade of ‘dirty’ goods with Japan and the USA. By controlling for trade openness, the share of manufacturing in GDP, and the trade of pollution-intensive products with Japan and the USA, CO2 emissions are estimated for ten East Asian countries between 1988 and 2000. Our results show that increasin...

The growth of regional trade blocks has been one of the major developments in international relations in recent years. Regional agreements vary widely but, all have the objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries that in most cases result in increasingly trade flows and economic growth. This paper attempts to explore the results of trade integration in ECO, EU and OIC block...

Agriculture is the focus of much contention in free trade negotiations. The Japanese government is against liberalizing the rice trade on the grounds that it would threaten “national food security” in the events of such shocks as crop failure, war, and embargo. Trade liberalization is expected to make Japan more dependent upon food imports and to make the Japanese economy more susceptible to th...

This paper uses the methodology developed in Kehoe and Ruhl (2013) to measure the change in the extensive, or new goods, margin of trade between Japan and China after China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001. The new goods account for 15.9% of Japanese exports to China and 22% of Chinese exports to Japan after trade liberalization. For the case of Chinese exports to Japan, a time...

In economic theory, various determinants are considered to explore their effects on trade patterns. Accordingly, business cycles indicate turbulences in economic activities. Business cycles and their fluctuations cause a change in demand for goods and services from the other country then it can affect trade flows. In this study, by using a gravity model, we study the effects of business cycles ...

In counterpoint to the United States, which maintains an unyielding position towards Iran, Russia‟s relationship with Tehran is expanding, based on increasing trade ties and shared geography. As Russian President Dmitry Medvedev expressed in a July 2009 interview, “Iran is Russia's important partner; we communicate with Iran, we have a range of common problems on which we cooperate and do so ve...