the concept of dhimma and ‘uhda (obligation and undertaking) comprises one of the very important subdivisions of commitments in shī‘a jurisprudence. the application of these two terms is very common in legal texts, both in discourses on devotional acts and the discourses concerning transactions (including transactions in specific sense and delictual liability - ḍimān). some contemporary jurispr...

protect the rights of creditor financial and deny the debt and concern the law of debtor, is important to the tradition and the attention of lawgiver and this issue well used from the quran and habit and scholars fatwas. in the trades in which for escape from the debtor's debt, specially concerning to change of alter the 218 clause of the civil codes, expressing the opinion and a few of people ...

Religion plays a significant role in a patient’s bioethical decision to have an abortion as well as in a country’s abortion policy. Nevertheless, a holistic understanding of the Islamic position remains under-researched. This study first conducted a detailed and systematic analysis of Islam’s position towards abortion through examining the most authoritative biblical texts (i.e. the Quran and S...

     This study focuses on the effect of user-friendly, impersonal, and hybrid texts on the reading comprehension ability of Iranian foreign language learners. Forty-five students of AlzahraUniversity were selected on the basis of their performance in a recent TOEFL. They were given three different texts (each group of 15 students was given one type) describing the same area of English usage, w...