Ubiquitin (Ub) can generate versatile molecular signals and lead to different celluar fates. The functional poly-valence of Ub is believed to be resulted from its ability to form distinct polymerized chains with eight linkage types. To provide a full picture of ubiquitin code, we explore the binding landscape of two free Ub monomers and also the functional landscapes of of all eight linkage typ...

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a deadly human pathogen that evades innate immune responses by efficiently interfering with antiviral signaling pathways mediated by NF-κB, IRF3, and IFNα/β. These pathways rely on protein ubiquitination for their activation, and one outcome is the modification of proteins with the ubiquitin (Ub)-like modifier interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)15. ...

Protecting a soldier’s head from injury is critical to function and survivability. Traditionally, combat helmets have been utilized to provide protection against shrapnel and ballistic threats, which have reduced head injuries and fatalities. However, home-made bombs or improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have been increasingly used in theatre of operations since the Iraq and Afghanistan confli...

Glycoprotein 78 (Gp78) is a critical E3 ubiquitin ligase in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Overexpression of Flag-tagged Gp78 (Flag-gp78), but not Flag-gp78 mutated in its RING-finger domain (Flag-RINGmut) with deficient ubiquitin ligase activity, induces mitochondrial fragmentation and ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of the mitofusin (Mfn) mitochondrial fusio...

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are essential regulators of intracellular processes involving ubiquitin (Ub) modification. The human DUB ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (hUSP1) interacts with human USP-associated factor 1 (hUAF1), and helps to regulate processes such as DNA damage repair. Previously, we identified a chicken USP1 homologue (chUSP1) during an investigation into the properties of Marek's dis...

Really interesting new gene (RING)-finger protein 52 (RNF52), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is found in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. Human RNF52 is known as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1)-associated protein 2 (BRAP or BRAP2). The central catalytic domain of BRAP comprises four subdomains: nucleotide-binding α/β plait (NBP), really interesting new gene (RING) zinc finger, ubiq...

Let KN denote the complete graph on N vertices with vertex set V = V (KN ) and edge set E = E(KN ). For x, y ∈ V , let xy denote the edge between the two vertices x and y. Let L be any finite set and M ⊆ L3. Let c : E → L. Let [n] denote the integer set {1, 2, . . . , n}. For x, y, z ∈ V , let c(xyz) denote the ordered triple (c(xy), c(yz), c(xz)). We say that c is good with respect to M if the...