We present kell-m, an asynchronous higher-order process algebra with hierarchical localities. The main focus of this report is on the operational semantics and behavioural equivalences for kell-m. The operational semantics determine how systems represented using kell-m evolve; the behavioural equivalences determine what it means for two kell-m processes to behave similarly. We also present and ...

1. Lee S. The value of DNA analysis for antigens of the Kell and Kx blood group systems. Transfusion 2007;47:32S-39S. 2. Aygun B, Padmanabhan S, Paley C, Chandrasekaran V. Clinical significance of RBC alloantibodies and autoantibodies in sickle cell patients who received transfusions. Transfusion 2002;42:37-43. 3. Castro O, Sandler SG, Houston-Yu P, Rana S. Predicting the effect of transfusing ...

The X-linked McLeod syndrome is defined by absent Kx red blood cell antigen and weak expression of Kell antigens, and this constellation may be accidentally detected in routine screening of apparently healthy blood donors. Most carriers of this McLeod blood group phenotype have acanthocytosis and elevated serum creatine kinase levels and are prone to develop a severe neurological disorder resem...

The development of irregular serum antibodies (alloantibodies) following massive transfusion was studied in 144 patients who had undergone cardiac valve replacement. An overall incidence of alloimmunization of 8.3% was found. Of the 15 antibodies detected nine were Rhesus anti-E and four anti-Kell. The incidence of anti-E formation in Rhesus E-negative patients was 11.4%; the corresponding figu...

Antibodies to antigens in the Kell blood group system are usually immunoglobulin G, and, notoriously, anti-K, anti-k, and anti-Kp(a) can cause severe hemolytic transfusion reactions, as well as severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). It has been shown that the titer of anti-K does not correlate with the severity of HDFN because, in addition to immune destruction of red blood c...

A human monoclonal anti-Kell (Ki ) antibody secreted by an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cell line was used for binding studies and immunopurification of the Ki blood group antigen. The 125l-labeled antibody bound to 4 to 5 x io and 2.5 to 3 x iO antigenic sites on Kiki and K1K2 erythrocytes. respectively, with an affinity constant of 5 x iOs mol/L1. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed...

We present a 70-year-old male patient of Greek origin with choreatic movements of the tongue and face, lower limb muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, elevated creatinephosphokinase (CPK), acanthocytosis and haemolysis in the absence of Kell RBC antigens with an additional Factor IX-deficiency. Genetic testing for mutations in the three exons of the XK gene revealed a previously unreported h...