PURPOSE Neurturin has been identified as a neurotrophic factor for parasympathetic neurons. Neurturin-deficient (NRTN(-/-)) mice have defective parasympathetic innervation of their lacrimal glands. This study was conducted to evaluate tear function and ocular surface phenotype in NRTN(-/-) mice. METHODS Determined by tail genomic DNA PCR, 25 NRTN(-/-) mice and 17 neurturin-normal (NRTN(+/+)) ...

The aim of this article is to review the development in assessment tear film with osmolarity techniques. Also, find out average score for normal and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) patients based on published work.
 use techniques has been started about 50 years ago. Over last a number researchers have investigated human osmolarity. two procedures. first procedure which old, that involves...

PURPOSE To describe, apply, and test a new ocular grading system for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) using lissamine green and fluorescein. DESIGN Prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study. METHODS The National Institutes of Health-funded Sjögren's Syndrome International Registry (called Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance [SICCA]) is developing sta...

Painless, sterile, noninfiltrated corneal ulceration and perforation, which may occur after recent cataract surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome, appears to be a distinct clinical entity. The cause is probably multifactorial. Contributing factors may be the underlying systemic disease process in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome, the associated keratoc...

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or dry eye, is a common ocular disease prompting millions of individuals to seek ophthalmological care. Regardless of the underlying etiology, dry eye has been shown to be associated with abnormalities in the pre-corneal tear film and subsequent inflammatory changes in the entire ocular surface including the adnexa, conjunctiva and cornea. Since the recognition of th...

This study was performed to analyze risk factors for and treatment results of ulcerative keratitis. The mean age (±SD) of 32 dogs with ulcerative keratitis was 3.59 (±2.97) years and the most commonly affected breed was the Shih-tzu (50%). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (31%) was the predominant cause of ulcerative keratitis. Superficial corneal ulcers (in 44% of animals) treated with medication al...

Dry eye disease (also called keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a common condition, with a prevalence ranging from 8 to 34%, depending on the criteria used. It becomes more common with increasing age and affects more women than men. Artificial tears and ocular lubricants are considered the mainstay of treatment, and there is a very wide range of these products available. In England in 2014, over 6....

This review summarizes a recent finding regarding the intrinsic canonical Notch signaling pathway in regulating normal ocular surface morphogenesis and its role in the pathogenesis of goblet cell deficiency-associated keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS, or dry eye). Specifically, we used novel transgenic mice to investigate the mechanism of how the Notch1 activation may serve as the upstream contr...